A guide to creating educational projects. What is an educational project Animals, birds, insects

"The only path leading to knowledge is action."
Bernard Show

Project activities at school

Success in the modern world is largely determined by a person’s ability to organize his life as a project: determine the long-term and short-term prospects, find and attract the necessary resources, outline an action plan and, having implemented it, evaluate whether it was possible to achieve the set goals. Numerous studies conducted both in our country and abroad have shown that the majority of modern leaders in politics, business, art, and sports are people with a project type of thinking. Today at school there is every opportunity to develop design thinking through a special type of student activity - project activity.

And although project activities are increasingly being used in secondary schools, no idea has yet been formed about what it should be like. A project can be called work of a wide variety of genres: from an ordinary essay and non-standard performance of a standard assignment (an answer on geography or history with the performance of songs and dances of the country or era being studied) to a truly serious study followed by a defense on the principle of a coursework or dissertation.

Project as a type of independent creative work for students

The project method, developed back in the first half of the 20th century, is once again becoming relevant in the modern information society. However, the introduction of project activities into school practice sometimes encounters certain difficulties.

A project is often called any independent work of a student, say an essay or report. In general, there is quite a lot of confusion with the terms, and our media actively contribute to this, in which sporting events, show programs, and charity events are called projects. It is not surprising that sometimes teachers do not have a clear idea of ​​the project as a teaching method, and students do not have a clear idea of ​​the project as a very specific type of independent work.

To avoid all these problems, it is necessary to clearly define what a project is, what its characteristics are, how it differs from other types of independent student work, what is the degree of teacher participation at various stages of the project, how does this depend on the student’s age and on his other individual features.

Among the various types of independent work by students, the genres closest to projects are reports, essays and educational research. Maybe that’s why they are often confused not only by children, but also by adults. Before talking about a project as a teaching method, you need to understand what a project is and how it differs from other types of work.

Report - oral or written communication with the purpose of introduce listeners (readers) with a specific topic (problem), give general information it is possible to present the considerations of the author of the report, which in this case do not require scientific verification or evidence. Since preparing a report may require a lot of time, studying various sources, and formalizing the results in a certain way, there is a temptation to talk about the project. The fact is that work on a project is associated with the presentation of information. However, a report and a project are not the same thing.

Abstract - collection and presentation comprehensive information on a given topic from various sources, including the presentation of different points of view on this issue, the presentation of static data and interesting facts. When working on a project, there is a similar abstract stage, which, however, is only part of the entire project.

Research work - work related to solving a creative, research problem with a previously unknown result. If scientific research is aimed at finding out the truth, at obtaining new knowledge, then educational research has the goal of acquiring students the skill of research activity, mastering the research type of thinking. This kind of work is very similar to a project. However, in this case, research is only a stage of design work.

Project - work aimed at solution to a specific problem, to achieve in the optimal way pre-planned result. The project may include elements of reports, essays, research and any other types of independent creative work by students, but only as ways to achieve the result of the project.

Project as a teaching method

The project method is currently very widespread in teaching. It can be used in any school discipline where large-scale problems are solved, preferably for middle and senior students.

Although computer science began to be studied relatively recently, the project method of teaching began to be used immediately when studying this discipline. At first, projects were compiled at school using programming languages ​​(Bacic, Pascal), but now they are studied little, and currently project activities in computer science are based on application programs (presentations, spreadsheets, databases, hypertext markup language HTMI).

Teaching methods such as the project method play a major role in the process of forming the professional self-education of schoolchildren.

Project activities are aimed at cooperation between teacher and student, development of creative abilities, is a form of assessment in the process of lifelong education, and provides an opportunity for the early formation of professionally significant skills of students. Project technology is aimed at developing the personality of schoolchildren, their independence, and creativity. It allows you to combine all modes of work: individual, pair, group, collective.

The implementation of the project method in practice leads to a change in the role and function of the teacher. With this approach, the teacher acts as a consultant, partner, and organizer of the cognitive activity of his students. In the process of working on a project, students have a need to acquire new knowledge and skills. There is a process of consolidating the skills of working on a separate topic or a large block of the course. The teaching method is complex, multidimensional, multi-quality education. “If we could build a spatial model of it, we would see a bizarre crystal, sparkling with many faces and constantly changing its color,” is how many authors define the concept of “teaching method.”

Project method in teaching

The main goal of the project is to develop students' creative thinking. There are many classifications of teaching methods, but almost all of them contain a research method, when students are given a cognitive task that they solve independently, selecting the necessary methods for this and using the help of a teacher. The project method can be classified as a research type, in which students individually deal with any given problem.

The educational process is based on cooperation and productive communication between students, aimed at jointly solving problems, developing the ability to highlight what is important, set goals, plan activities, distribute functions and responsibilities, think critically, and achieve significant results. In Russian pedagogy, this approach is associated with the use of teaching methods such as problem-based and project-based. Educational activities in this case are focused on successful activities in real society. The result of training is no longer the assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities, but the formation of key competencies that ensure the success of practical activities.
An important feature of the project approach is humanism, attention and respect for the student’s personality, a positive charge, aimed not only at learning, but also at developing the personality of the students.

The word "project" in European languages ​​is borrowed from Latin and means "thrown forward", "protruding", "conspicuous". Now this word is beginning to be understood as an idea, which the subject can and has the right to dispose of as his own thought. Currently, this term is often used in management, meaning in a broad sense any activity presented as a set of individual steps. This understanding is close, but somewhat different from that which has developed in Russian technical jargon. Here, a project is an idea for a new object (building, machine, mechanism or unit), materialized in drawings, diagrams and other documentation.

In the pedagogical literature one can find various definitions of an educational project. In any case, the educational project is based on the following points:
development of cognitive, creative skills of students, ability to independently search for information, development of critical thinking;
independent activities of students: individual, pair, group, which students perform for a certain period of time;
solving some problem that is significant for students, modeling the activities of specialists in a particular subject area;
presenting the results of completed projects in a “tangible” form (in the form of a report, paper, wall newspaper or magazine, etc.), and in the form of specific results ready for implementation;
cooperation between students and the teacher (“pedagogy of cooperation”).

For a student, a project is an opportunity to maximize their creative potential. This is an activity that allows you to express yourself individually or in a group, try your hand, apply your knowledge, bring benefit, and publicly show the results achieved. This is an activity aimed at solving an interesting problem formulated by the students themselves. The result of this activity - the found method of solving the problem - is practical in nature and significant for the discoverers themselves. And for a teacher, an educational project is an integrative didactic means of development, training and education, which allows you to develop and develop specific skills and design skills: problematization, goal setting, activity planning, reflection and self-analysis, presentation and self-presentation, as well as information search, practical application of academic knowledge, self-study, research and creative activities.

When working with a project, it is necessary to highlight a number of characteristic features of this teaching method. First of all, this is the presence Problems, which has to be solved during the work on the project. Moreover, the problem must be of a personally significant nature for the author of the project and motivate him to search for a solution.

The project must have a clear, realistically achievable target. In the most general sense, the goal of the project is always to solve the original problem, but in each specific case this solution has its own unique solution and its own, unique embodiment. This embodiment is project product, which is created by the author in the course of his work and also becomes a means of solving the problem of the project.

There is one more difference in working with a project - preliminary planning work. The entire path from the initial problem to the implementation of the project goal must be divided into separate stages with their own intermediate tasks for each of them; identify ways to solve these problems and find resources.

The implementation of a work plan for a project is usually associated with the study of literature and other sources of information, selection of information; possibly with conducting various experiments, experiments, observations, research, surveys; with analysis and synthesis of the data obtained; with the formulation of conclusions and the formation on this basis of one’s own point of view on the original problem of the project and ways to solve it.

The project must have written part - report about the progress of work, which describes all stages of work (starting with the definition of the project problem), all decisions made with their justification; all the problems that have arisen and ways to overcome them; the collected information, experiments and observations carried out are analyzed, the results of surveys are presented, etc.; the results are summed up, conclusions are drawn, and the prospects for the project are clarified.

An indispensable condition for the project is its public protection, presentation work results. During the presentation, the author not only talks about the progress of the work and shows its results, but also demonstrates his own knowledge and experience of the project problem, acquired competence. The element of self-presentation is the most important aspect of working on a project, which presupposes a reflective assessment by the author of all the work he has done and the experience he has acquired through it.

At its core, the project-based teaching method is close to problem-based learning, which involves consistent and purposeful presentation of cognitive problems to students, solving which they actively acquire new knowledge under the guidance of a teacher. Problem-based learning ensures the strength of knowledge and its creative application in practical activities. In addition, the project method is similar to developmental learning. Developmental learning is an active-activity method of learning, in which purposeful learning activities are carried out. At the same time, the student, being a full-fledged subject of this activity, consciously sets goals and objectives for self-change and creatively achieves them.

Terms and meaning of words used for project activities proposed by M.Yu. Bukhara.

Term	Dictionary meaning	Pedagogical significance
Method	A method of theoretical study or practical implementation of something	A set of techniques, operations of mastering a certain area of ​​practical or theoretical knowledge, a particular activity, a way of organizing the process of cognition
Project	Plan, intention, preliminary text of the document	-
Project method	-	A method based on the development of students’ cognitive skills, critical and creative thinking, the ability to independently construct their knowledge, navigate the information space, see and formulate problem. A way to achieve a didactic goal through detailed development Problems, which should end in a very real, tangible, practical result, designed in a certain way. A method that offers a solution of some kind Problems, which involves the use of a variety of teaching techniques and integrated knowledge from various fields of science, technology, and creative fields.
Problem	A problem that requires resolution and research. The subject’s awareness of the impossibility of resolving the difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in a given situation with the help of his existing knowledge and experience. The problem originates in a problematic situation.	A task containing contradiction, which does not have a clear answer and requires searching for solutions. It originates in a problematic situation.
Problem situation	Circumstances and conditions of activity that contain contradictions and do not have a clear solution, in which the activity of an individual or group unfolds.	Circumstances and conditions of students’ activities that contain contradictions that do not have a clear solution
Educational project		Modern educational, cognitive, creative or gaming activity students - partners, having a common target, agreed upon ways activities aimed at achievement the overall result of a decision Problems, significant for the project participants.

Stages of work on the project. Motivation of students.

When organizing student project activities, there are a number of circumstances that must be taken into account during the work. A student cannot be offered a project for which he does not have any knowledge and skills, despite the fact that he has nowhere to find and acquire this knowledge and skills. In other words, to work on a project, the author must have a certain initial (even minimal) level of readiness. And, of course, work that is very familiar, has been performed many times before, does not require the search for new solutions and, accordingly, does not provide an opportunity to acquire new knowledge and skills cannot be a project. The first stage of the project is problematization- it is necessary to assess the existing circumstances and formulate the problem. At this stage, the primary motive for activity arises, since the presence of a problem gives rise to a feeling of disharmony and causes a desire to overcome it. The second stage of work - goal setting. At this stage, the problem is transformed into a personally significant goal and acquires the image of an expected result, which will later be embodied in the project product. The most important stage of working on a project is planning, as a result of which not only the distant goal, but also the nearest steps acquire clear outlines. When there is a work plan, available resources (materials, labor, time) and a clear goal, you can start working. The next stage of the project cycle is the implementation of the existing plan.

Upon completion of the work, the author must compare the result obtained with his plan, and, if possible, make corrections. This is the stage of comprehension, analysis of mistakes made, attempts to see the prospects of work, assessment of one’s achievements, feelings and emotions that arose during and at the end of work. The final stage of work - self-esteem and reflection.

The main stages of working on the project are problematization, goal setting, planning, implementation, reflection. However, within each stage there are smaller, but very important steps that must be completed during the work.

By formulating the purpose of the work, the author of the project creates a mental image of the desired result of the work - project product, which is an indispensable condition for work. During planning needs to be determined tasks, which have to be solved at individual stages of work and ways, with which these problems will be solved. Determine the order and timing of the work - develop schedule. At the stage implementation plan, it may be necessary to make certain changes to the tasks of individual stages and methods of work, and sometimes the author’s idea of ​​the final result may change. Project product. The project usually ends presentations the method found by the author to solve the original problem, the design product created by him and self-presentation competence of the project author. A presentation is a showcase of the project. Everything should be subordinated to one goal - to best show the results of the work and the competence of its author, which he acquired in the process of this work. Self-presentation, the ability to show oneself in a favorable light without losing a sense of proportion, is the most important social skill.

The presentation schedule, as a rule, provides no more than 7-10 minutes for presentation. In this short time, it is necessary to talk about the work that was carried out over several months, which was associated with the processing of a large amount of information, communication with various people, and discoveries made by the author.

So, the two main problems of presentation are speech and regulations. It is very important to teach children to choose the most important thing, to express their thoughts briefly and clearly. It is better if the text of the presentation is written in the form of abstracts.

During the presentation, the author of the project may have to answer questions from the public. You need to be prepared for this. It is better to begin the answer by thanking the person asking it (any question on the topic of the project indicates the public’s interest in the speech and gives the author another chance to show his competence).

It is advisable to rehearse the presentation.

The essence of students' project activities.

The program of the new educational field "Technology" provides for the completion of at least one creative project annually by students of grades II - XI. It is the creative project activities of schoolchildren that will contribute to technological education, the formation of the technological culture of every growing person, which will help him take a different look at the environment, more rationally use the available resources of the Fatherland, increase natural resources and human potential. The reviving project-based teaching method, when applied skillfully, truly makes it possible to identify and develop the inclinations of a person and his abilities.

The project-based teaching method “Technology” assumes that design is carried out not under the tutelage of the teacher, but together with him, and is built not on pedagogical dictate, but on the pedagogy of cooperation.

Design also involves studying not only technologies, but also the actual activities of people in the production and non-production spheres of the economy. Thus, we can talk about the ergonomic content of the new educational field "Technology", which is a natural development of polytechnics in modern conditions.

Design as a method of cognition should provide students with practical assistance in understanding the role of knowledge in life and learning, when it ceases to be a goal, but becomes a means in true education, helping to master a culture of thinking. It is also aimed at the psychophysical, moral and intellectual development of schoolchildren, the activation of their inclinations and abilities, essential strengths and vocations, inclusion in successful work activities and the system of universal human values, the formation and satisfaction of their activity and cognitive demands and needs, the creation of conditions for self-determination, creative self-expression and continuing education.

A creative project is an educational and labor task that activates the activities of students, as a result of which they create a product that has subjective and sometimes objective novelty.

Organization and methodology for performing creative projects

By the method of projects in the educational field of "Technology" we understand the way of organizing the cognitive and labor activity of students. It involves the implementation of certain needs of people, the development of ideas for the manufacture of products or services to satisfy these needs, the design and creation of a product or the provision of a service, assessment of their quality, and determination of real demand in the goods market.

The project method is a flexible model for organizing the educational process, focused

It promotes the development of observation and the desire to find answers to them, and then check the correctness of their answers by analyzing information, conducting experiments and research.

The results of projects can be products, services, systems. Students receive technology, developments for environmental improvement and other skills in working with materials, tools and information as needed to complete a particular project. The system of projects is built on the principle of complication, therefore the curriculum is based on a number of provisions:

gradual increase in knowledge and skills;

implementation of projects in various areas, ranging from the more familiar (home, school, recreation areas) to the more complex (society, business, industry);

constant complication of the requirements for solving problems (using an integrated approach, taking into account a large number of influencing factors);

students gradually realize their own abilities and capabilities to meet the needs of the individual and society;

the ability to focus on local conditions, since problems for projects are selected mainly from the surrounding life.

Helping the student, tirelessly active guidance in choosing projects that are feasible for the student, that are actually carried out taking into account actually existing Material and other resources and, at the same time, the most promising from the point of view of expanding the experience, horizons, titles and skills of students, falls entirely on the shoulders of the technologist teacher,

These first functions of helping children freely choose a project are followed by a number of others: assistance in project planning, its practical implementation, and analysis of the final results.

The teacher must help students:

obtain various materials, reference books, information, tools, etc.;

discuss ways to overcome difficulties through indirect, leading questions;

approve or disapprove various phases of the work procedure;

teach how to briefly record the results of your activities;

give a brief analysis of the completed project.

When developing a project plan, students consult reference books, use the Internet, other sources of information, consult with family members, knowledgeable people, study the tools and materials necessary for the implementation of the project. The initial project implementation plan is constantly revised, possible omissions are corrected,

The technique of drawing up a plan, of course, can be as varied as the projects themselves. The most important thing is that the plan corresponds to the project and, and not vice versa,

Of particular importance is the project method, which allows schoolchildren in the system to master organizational and practical activities along the entire design and technological chain - from an idea to its implementation in a model, product, service, integrate knowledge from different fields, apply it in practice, while creating new ones knowledge, ideas, material things. The use of the project method as a leading method in the technological education of schoolchildren contributes to the implementation of didactic functions.

The educational function of the new approach to technology education involves introducing students to basic technological knowledge, skills and terminology.

The educational function of the new approach to technological education of schoolchildren is to develop personal qualities: efficiency, enterprise, responsibility, developing the skills of reasonable risk, etc. Project activities of students will allow them to realize their interests and abilities, teach them to take responsibility for the results of their work, and form the belief that success in business depends on the personal contribution of everyone.

The developmental function of using the project method in technological education is that schoolchildren realize the possibilities of using abstract technological knowledge and

Students develop skills in choosing one solution from multiple options1 and awareness of all the short-term and long-term problems of this choice

1. Introduction.

The concept of a project, project activities, project culture, Project structure. Typology of projects.

Students should know:

• concept of project, project activity,
• typology of projects.
• Students must be able to;
• distinguish between types of projects;
• determine the project structure.

1. Practice-oriented project.

Aimed at the social and interests of the project participants themselves.

The product is pre-defined and can be used in the life of the classroom, school, city, etc. etc.

The palette is varied - from a textbook for a physics classroom to a package of recommendations for the restoration of Russia.

2. Research project.

Concept of a research project. Features of a Research Project Basic concepts required to complete a research project; object of research, problem It includes justification of the relevance of the chosen topic, identification of research objectives, discussion of the results obtained,

3. Information project. Aimed at collecting information about some object or phenomenon for the purpose of analyzing it and generalizing the presentation for a wide audience.

4. Role-playing project.

The development and implementation of such a project is the most difficult. By participating in it, projects take on the roles of literary or historical characters.

5. Creative project.

It assumes the most free and unconventional approach to the presentation of results.

The concept of a creative project. Features of a creative project. The main stages of creative projects.

Elaboration of the structure of activities of participants in a creative project.

Presentation of results in the form of videos, articles, albums Students should know:

• concept of a creative project;
• main stages of a creative project

Students must be able to;

• choose and justify the topic of the project;
• select the necessary information for the implementation of the project;
• work out the structure of joint activities of participants; creative project;
• formalize the results of project activities,

6. Design and evaluation of the project.

Registration of the results of project activities. Preparation of a list of references and applications.

Criteria for assessing project implementation. Project protection, Criteria for assessing the protection of the completed project

Students should know;

• criteria for evaluating completed projects;
• criteria for assessing the protection of the completed project.

Students should be able to:

• evaluate the completed project;
• protect the project.

Selection and justification of projects.

The choice of projects is determined by the needs of various spheres of life of the individual and society (school, industry, leisure, home), the need to satisfy them, improve and modernize existing consumer goods and services.

1) The main problems that arise during the selection, analysis, and implementation of the project:

1. How to determine the scope of activity.

2. How to choose a project topic.

3. How to choose a model and product design.

4. How to develop technology for manufacturing a product.

5. How to carry out an economic calculation of a product.

6. How to prepare a project report.

2) Main criteria for selecting projects:

1. Originality.

2. Availability.

3. Reliability.

4. Technical excellence.

5. Aesthetic advantages.

6. Security.

7. Meeting social needs.

8. Ease of use (ergonomics).

9. Manufacturability.

10. Material capacity.

11. Cost, etc.

For greater clarity, you can use the “justification asterisk” (thinking), where in the center is the object of study, and on the periphery are the factors that determine its consumer properties that need improvement.

"Thinking Star"

Next, the feasibility of production, the outcome of the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in technology lessons, the possibilities of logistics, economic and environmental feasibility, etc. are determined.

Basic requirements for product design

Manufacturability - the ability to manufacture a product as simply as possible, in particular on existing equipment, from available materials, with the least labor costs.

Creatively focused and entertaining. Creative activity and consideration of children's interests are expected.

Systematicity. The content of work to implement projects must reflect the material studied during the academic year, be polytechnic-oriented,

Strength. It assumes that the level of students’ training corresponds to their individual, age and physical abilities.

Economical. Requires the manufacture of a product at the lowest cost, with the greatest profit from the sale and operation of the product.

Environmental friendliness. The manufacture and operation of the manufactured product should not entail significant changes in the environment or disruption of human, animal and plant life.

Safety. Provided both at the project implementation stage and at the operation stage. Safety is associated with a system of labor protection measures, industrial sanitation, and hygiene. The project should eliminate the possibility of injuries and occupational diseases.

Ergonomics. Associated with the scientific organization of labor. Provides for organizing a workplace with the least amount of human energy consumption during maintenance.

Compliance with design requirements. The designed product must be externally aesthetically beautiful, fashionable, the color scheme and all details must be harmoniously combined, and the tank must be functional and practical.

Significance. The manufactured product must have a certain value and utility in the interests of society or a specific individual.

Area of ​​knowledge used in technology projects

Anthropometry - measuring the human body and its parts when taking measurements, identifying the conformity of a product to the size and shape of a person.

Life safety is a system of measures for labor protection, industrial sanitation, hygiene, etc.

Biology - the structure of the human body, the characteristics of his body movements.

Geography - climatic conditions of various regions, temperature limits in a given climatic region.

History of costume - information about the history of development and modification of certain types of clothing.

Mathematics - calculation of formulas for constructing a pattern, calculation of costs of materials, funds, mathematical dependencies.

Materials science - the study of materials for the correct selection of products appropriate for a given model.

Mechanics, elements of mechanical engineering - the simplest adjustment (repair) of equipment on which work is performed.

Modeling (technical modeling) - changing the pattern drawing in order to obtain the desired model of the product.

Career guidance - information about professions, acquisition of professional knowledge and skills.

Psychology - features of human perception, for example, the laws of visual illusion in color, in artistic modeling.

Drawing - development of sketches of alternative models (elements of artistic modeling), laws of composition, drawing.

Technology - cutting, working with fabric, technological processes in the manufacture of products.

Chemistry, physics - physical and chemical properties of materials, dyes, various additives to fabric composition, information on fabric production.

Color science - the choice of color as an important informational quality of a suit: the influence of different colors on the characteristics of a given figure and overall appearance (the ability to emphasize advantages and hide flaws), a harmonious combination of colors, patterns of color combinations, color symbolism and the purpose of a suit.

Drawing - creating a pattern drawing.

Ecology - environmental friendliness of materials, influence of harmful dyes and other components that make up fabrics.

Economics, the basics of entrepreneurship - calculating the cost of a product, family economics, mini-marketing research, consistency of product quality, consistency of product quality and prices, that is, supply and demand), planning possible ways to sell your products.

Aesthetics is the embodiment of the desired aesthetic idea in a costume (taste, aesthetic sense, intuition, sense of color and shape, sense of proportion, understanding of rhythm and composition in a costume).

General view and structure of the explanatory note.

A project is an independent creative completed work of a student, completed under the guidance of a teacher. It usually consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The latter is a specific product, layout, model, video film, computer development, etc., and the theoretical one is the explanatory note. Below are recommendations for its preparation. Of course, when using them, it is necessary to take into account the age capabilities of students, and an explanatory note to a fifth-grader’s project will differ significantly in content from that completed by a high school student.

The structure of the explanatory note depends on the type of work, and in general should contain:

• Title page.
• Table of contents (contents).
• Introduction.
• Heads of the main part.
• Conclusion.
• Bibliography.
• Application.

Structural elements of an explanatory note.

Title page

The title page is the first page of the explanatory note and is filled out according to certain rules.

The full name of the educational institution is indicated in the top field. On average, the name of the project is given without the word “topic” and quotation marks. It should be as short and precise as possible - consistent with the main content of the project. If it is necessary to specify the title of the work, then you can give a subtitle, which should be extremely short and not turn into a new title. Next, indicate the last name, first name, school number and class of the designer (in the nominative case). Then the surname and initials of the project manager.

The lower field indicates the place and year the work was performed (without the word “year”).

Following the title page is a table of contents, which lists all the headings of the explanatory note and indicates the pages on which they are located. They cannot be shortened or given in a different wording, sequence or subordination. All blanks are written with a capital letter and without a period at the end. The last word of each heading is connected by an accent to its corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.

Introduction to the work

It substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set, formulates the planned result and the main problems considered in the project, indicates interdisciplinary connections, informs who the project is intended for and what is its novelty. The introduction also describes the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic). It is advisable to list the equipment and materials used during the project.

Main chapters

The following is a statement of the goal, and specific tasks to be solved in accordance with it.

The first chapter of the project discusses the proposed methodology and technique for its implementation, and provides a brief review of the literature and other materials on the topic.

In the next chapter (search) it is necessary to develop a bank of ideas and proposals for solving the problem considered in the project.

In the technological part of the project, it is necessary to develop a sequence for executing the object. It may include a list of stages, a technological map that describes the algorithm of operations indicating tools, materials and processing methods.

Next, it is necessary to consider the economic and environmental assessment of the project. In the economic part, a complete calculation of the costs of manufacturing the designed product is presented. Next is project advertising and marketing research. Particular attention must be paid to the environmental assessment of the project: justification that the manufacture and operation of the designed product will not entail changes in the environment or disruptions in human life.

Conclusion

At the conclusion of the project, the results obtained are outlined, their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks formulated in the Introduction is determined, and students are given a self-assessment of the work they have done.

Bibliography

After the Conclusion there is a list of references used. All borrowings must necessarily have subscript references to where the given materials were taken from.

Applications

Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in appendices. The application contains tables, text, graphs, maps, drawings. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one application in the work, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign), for example: “Appendix 1”, “Appendix 2”, etc. The numbering of the pages on which appendices are given must be continuous and continue the general numbering of the main text. Through it with applications, it is carried out through links that are used with the word “look” (see), enclosed together with the code in parentheses.

Literature

1. Kruglikov G.I. Methods of teaching technology with a workshop. M.: 2003.
2. Morozova N.G., Kravchenko N.G., Pavlova O.V. Technology grades 5-11: student project activities. Volgograd: Teacher, 2007.
3. Stupnitskaya M.A. What is a learning project? M.: September 1st, 2010.
4. Stupnitskaya M.A. Creative potential of schoolchildren's project activities. Development of creative abilities of schoolchildren and the formation of various models for taking into account individual achievements. M.: Center "School Book", 2006.

To make studying interesting and the sciences they study become more of a joy than a burden, it is recommended that all secondary school students be active in activities such as various projects. That is, the student must implement an interesting idea related to some school subject, for example, drawing or the history of the ancient world. Let's look at interesting topics for the project. But just remember that it is recommended to take on only things that you can do.

Let's look into space

Students in both 5th and 11th grades can prepare a project on astronomy. Of course, the younger generation will be faced with simpler tasks. For example, you can watch the phases of the moon every evening for a month to understand how the Earth’s satellite changes and whether it actually affects your well-being, mood, performance and weather phenomena. If desired, observations can be made throughout the year. But you should take into account those moments when it is cloudy.

Older students can make a project on the topic “Space” more serious, for example, using a telescope to observe the surface of the Moon or find neighboring planets in the sky.

The goal of both junior and senior students: to study from the surface of the Earth the processes occurring in outer space, and also to understand whether any phenomena affect the weather and people.

Let's study botany

Now let’s look at a project activity that girls are most likely to enjoy. It is associated with growing plants, germinating seeds, and caring for flowers.

It is worth noting that you can germinate seeds all year round, for example, peas, lentils, beans or wheat. By the way, seeds whose sprouts have reached a length of no more than 3-4 mm are eaten in small quantities. Why? It is this question that can be discussed during the project and presented at the final presentation.

When it comes to growing plants, there are two options: planting seeds or cuttings. You can, for example, plant the seeds of plants such as dates, apricots or apples. Then observe what will grow and how the young plant will behave in the future.

Of course, it is advisable to carry out cultivation in the spring. Therefore, the project can be carried out all summer, and in the fall you can prepare a report and show the result of your work.

About the Motherland

It is very important for every student to learn to love their homeland. There can be many topics about her. What project can we do on the theme “Motherland”? Let's say we make a collection of poems by classical poets on the theme of the Fatherland. What do the classics Pushkin, Yesenin, Lermontov say about their country? You can, for example, make a book yourself by taking a stack of blank white sheets and sewing them together. Don’t forget to make your future book hardcover with the inscription “Poems of the classics about the Motherland.” Next, we write out suitable poems in the book by hand, for example, with a fountain pen. And if this is not possible, then black gel. Before the performance, it is advisable to memorize some of your favorite poems.

Young artists and historians can also tell about the Motherland. Find paintings by famous artists dedicated to Russia. Or you can collect interesting historical information and place it on a large wall newspaper. On the other hand, a holiday dedicated to Russian traditions: cuisine, costumes, games, art would be a good idea.

Musical projects

Let's look at interesting project topics for 5th grade. Students, upon entering secondary school, study not only basic subjects such as Russian language, literature and mathematics, but also art: fine arts, music. Even these subjects can create excellent projects. For example, in music. A student who has entered a music school, studying notes and musical instruments, can agree on an interesting project with the teacher. For example, prepare a cheerful melody on the flute or piano, then perform in front of the whole class or even in the assembly hall at a school or all-Russian holiday.

You can also study the influence of music on people. That is, observe which genre is more suitable for raising your spirits and even improving your well-being, which music is useful and which is undesirable. The same can apply to song lyrics.

The role of mathematics and the Russian language in our lives

Literacy and numeracy are the responsibility of every self-respecting person. Respect for the Motherland and compatriots begins with the ability to speak beautifully and correctly compose texts. Unfortunately, illiteracy is common everywhere nowadays. Often, even adults write the usual “Hello” with errors.

As for mathematics, you often don’t have to count in your head, since you can always have a smartphone or tablet at hand. But one day you may have to do some math in your head. It is also important to be able to think logically. That is why these two school subjects are relevant topics for the project. They can even be combined, and then, in agreement with teachers, observations can be made on how the situation with illiteracy and inability to count can be corrected.

Let's say you can start with an introduction about the need to improve general literacy. For example, communicate less with people on the Internet, and read useful books more often. Or you can conduct your own research using social networks and forums to give approximate statistics on how many people can write correctly. You can also continue this research in the classroom and even throughout the school by asking the teacher how well the students are doing in the Russian language. Then offer your methods to correct the situation with illiteracy.

When it comes to mathematics, you can make observations on how best to calculate in your head so as not to get confused. For example, a person cannot quickly calculate how much 47+89 is. But in life it may happen that you need to count very quickly. What should I do? Propose an idea for a project. It is worth noting that such an event will help the authors themselves in the future.

Love and take care of nature

It will be a noble cause if you create a project on the theme “Nature”. You can choose several directions:

• garbage collection in nearby forests and groves (if possible);
• study of the plant world;
• hikes and outings for recreational purposes;
• picking mushrooms and berries, healthy herbs and flowers;
• study of human interaction with nature;
• state of the environment.

Of course, it is easiest for rural schoolchildren to implement absolutely any of the listed points.

Young city dwellers can only be offered weekend outings, as well as studying the interaction of people with the environment.

The goal of the project should be:

• getting closer to nature;
• love for the world around us;
• respect for flora and fauna;
• collecting the gifts of nature without causing damage.

In this way, students can learn to communicate with nature, not harm it, and also use the opportunity to learn how to survive in the forest.

Traveling around the country

Geography is a rather interesting subject, especially if it concerns the study of the world map and various exotic countries. A project on the theme “Travel” will become relevant for those students whose parents travel a lot. Surely, during the school holidays, the student and his family go to the sea or fly abroad. A young traveler can be offered an idea not only from a photo report, but also from studying local culture, climate, gastronomy and even the character of people.

It would seem, why is this necessary and what is the final goal? In fact, you can learn a lot of interesting things from your classmate. Most likely, he will share his impressions. It is also not necessary to visit exotic countries; you can travel around the vast Russia. For example, a schoolboy lives in the Krasnodar region, in the Kuban. I have never been to Moscow or St. Petersburg. Why not dedicate the project to two capitals?

A project on the theme “Cities of the World” can be taken on even by those who have never even been to the neighboring region. To do this, you can use various materials: books, magazines, watch videos on the Internet posted by travelers, read about people’s impressions. Or study the climate of different countries and draw conclusions about the possibility of a favorable holiday in a given season. That is, imagine yourself as an employee of a travel agency.

Holiday Projects

Even ordinary school wall newspapers are projects on the theme “Holidays”. For example, you can decorate a sheet of Whatman paper with beautiful images and add interesting text on a relevant topic:

• Victory Day.
• Defender of the Fatherland Day.
• Teacher's Day and so on.

You need to prepare for any celebration in such a way that everyone feels a truly real holiday, receives joy and unforgettable impressions. Unfortunately, nowadays holidays, even the New Year, have become routine and without interest. Try to restore sincere joy and a feeling of happiness with the help of good old traditions. You can also make it a school tradition to celebrate Orthodox Christmas on January 7th.

Arts and culture

Less popular, but no less interesting, will be a project on the topic “Art”. How to prepare it? For example, choose a topic about antique dishes. Add photos, go to a museum. At the end of the project, you can try to make dishes yourself from the same materials that were made in ancient times (if possible) to imagine what manual labor was like. In addition, by studying art, you can learn how to create your own design projects and make useful and beautiful things.

Culture is one of the main characteristics of a people. Not only trips to museums and theaters should become leisure time for young townspeople, but also simple communication with each other. After all, culture also means behavior and character.

Charity and helping animals

Our four-legged and winged friends in the modern world need human help: to feed, shelter, cure. Therefore, a project on the theme of animals is relevant for almost everyone and in any school. Where can I start? For example, observe your pets: what they eat, what they prefer, how much time they spend sleeping. Then you should watch the street animals.

You just need to take into account that abandoned dogs and cats potentially pose a danger. Therefore, you need to feed them with caution: you can put food in a place that is safe for the animal (away from the roadway, industrial enterprises, railways and water bodies). Keep your distance. You can record all your actions in a special diary, which will become a report on the work done.

Safety first!

Life safety, it would seem, is one of the less significant subjects that does not need to be taken at state exams in graduating classes; it also does not need to be studied until the end of the 11th grade, but this discipline is still important. It is here that the younger generation can learn many rules that will save lives and maintain health.

Let's consider interesting topics for a project on the basics of life safety. Fifth graders can devote an event to traffic rules. After all, not only motorists, but also pedestrians should know them.

As for high school, children who have studied the basics of electrical engineering in physics can easily create a project on electrical safety at home, at school and on the street. After all, electricity and electrical appliances surround us everywhere, so there is always a risk of electric shock.

A common topic for all students will be discussing where to go for a walk. Unfortunately, children often get into trouble because they are in a dangerous area. To avoid trouble, develop an action plan regarding permitted and prohibited places for walking.

Climate and weather

Previously, we looked at a project on the topic “Space”; similarly, you can create an event for observing weather phenomena. Let's say you can keep a diary in the form of a long tape, consisting of notebook leaves, on which all the information about the weather will be displayed. That is, you will have a kind of archive that can suggest and provide an opportunity to analyze natural phenomena as a whole.

You can also play as a meteorologist by observing the weather every day. If possible, purchase a mechanical barometer that will help predict what will happen in the coming days.

Such an event will especially help residents of rural areas working in fields, gardens and haymaking, and will also tell mushroom pickers when to go hiking.

Physical activity

Project activities in physical education can also be interesting if you set a goal: improvement, preservation of health. Find information about why certain exercises are done. You can use Avicenna's canons. You can also come up with your own set of exercises and monitor your well-being.

Sports and dancing can become an integral part of the project. What benefits do they bring to humans, what can be achieved?

History and Fatherland

Similar to the project on the theme “Motherland,” you can create an event to study the history of Russia. In addition, maybe you will be able to find reliable information about what peoples inhabited the earth before the advent of Rus'. How did people live, what did they eat, what did they build 1-2 thousand years ago? Try to understand this issue.

It is also important to study the history of Russia in order to understand how our ancestors lived. What spiritual values ​​did they have? It is known that in Rus' they honored traditions, respected elders, and had a strong Orthodox faith. Maybe it’s worth changing everything for the better, returning to old traditions, asking for help from our ancestors through books and museums.

Drawing as development

A subject such as fine arts should not be left without attention. Even ordinary drawing can help a person in various situations. It is not for nothing that psychologists say that from chaotically created drawings one can determine what is going on in a person’s soul. But each of us can become our own psychologist. By painting a picture in certain colors, you can assess your condition and make adjustments.

This is quite an interesting topic for a project that even high school graduates can take on. At the same time, we can describe the relationship between drawing and personality psychology.

How to love studying

It is advisable for elementary school students to propose a topic that will help develop interest in science, and in learning in general. Often students get tired of uninteresting theories and theses, but want to experience and understand everything. Therefore, it is better to provide the opportunity to create project topics for 5th grade. For example, why are sciences needed, such as mathematics and natural science, and how history can help in life.

If you wish, you can take several topics that are within your power. Therefore, before making a choice, you need to ask your seniors whether all the interesting topics for projects can really be done and completed on time? For example, growing a flower and observing the Moon can be done in parallel. But making pottery and sewing festive costumes will take a lot of time.

A school project is one way to ensure student development. These works are required for students. Often, high school students take exams that allow them to better assess their knowledge and ability to assimilate information.

Why are such tasks needed?

Interesting topics for projects are an opportunity for a student to develop their abilities and believe in their strength as a student. After all, children often choose topics for research work that captivate them. Thus, in the design process, the student’s independence increases, and he develops strong motivation for further learning. He also learns how to conduct a discussion correctly and argue his point of view. Working on a project allows a student to combine classroom and extracurricular activities.

Topics for middle and primary school

Interesting topics for projects are a guarantee that the work will be exciting for the student. If the project is a research project, it must include elements of scientific work - a hypothesis, its testing, laboratory research, analysis of the results obtained. For example, the chosen topic is about growing beans at home. The student can prepare in advance - read the necessary material on natural history; conduct an experiment - germinate beans; take photographs of the plant at each stage. The following interesting project topics are suitable for middle and junior high school students:

• Cars of old times and modern ones.
• About how dinosaurs lived. Estimated options for their death.
• My favourite dog.
• The professions that every schoolchild dreams of.
• Color in human life.
• Cartoons and their role in the lives of children.
• The aquarium and its amazing inhabitants.
• How to grow a crystal yourself?
• Features of a healthy lifestyle.
• Sports in my family.
• Ancient fun in Rus'.
• Human exploration of outer space.
• History of music and musical instruments.
• Robots of the future.
• Features of the life of bees.
• The most beautiful legends about flowers.
• History of money - from antiquity to modern times.
• Tea and coffee. History, legends, traditions.
• Growing beans at home.

Topics that will be of interest to school audiences

There are many areas that could captivate you. These could be gadgets, various products, issues of love and friendship. The following interesting topics for the project will not leave school audiences indifferent:

• Emoticons in messages. History, features of use.
• The brightest and most unusual advertising.
• What do young people think about family life?
• Is Barbie the standard for female attractiveness?
• The problem of cleanliness in public places.
• Why do you need to turn off your phone during a flight?
• Anglicisms in modern speech.
• Horoscopes and astrology - truth or myth?
• How to achieve prosperity?
• What does a person need to achieve emotional balance?
• The operating principle of a microwave oven.
• How to develop logical thinking?
• Is chewing gum good for you?
• Lies: causes and consequences. Why do people lie to each other?
• How to become a photographer?
• How 3D glasses for cinema work.
• Does the pace of the speaker's speech affect the audience's perception of the report?
• Cheat sheet - helper or enemy?
• Why does everyone learn English?
• Do our little brothers understand our speech?
• Tea traditions of China.
• What is a person like: good or evil? Examples from history and life.
• Stress and illness - is there a connection? What are psychosomatic illnesses?
• How to forgive a person? Is it necessary to do this?
• "Leopold's Cats" in modern society.

Current topics for preparing projects on Russian literature

One of the most interesting jobs for many schoolchildren will be a literary project. Its problems should be selected in accordance with the knowledge and level of training of the student. The topic of a literature project can be the biography of a poet or writer or the features of his work. Such work will help you learn a lot of interesting things about the author whose works the student liked. The project can be dedicated to the characteristics of a literary character or an entire work. In the process of work, the student will be able to refresh his memory about his favorite work and once again plunge into its events.

The following literature project topics are approximate. The student can always choose the question that arouses his greatest interest.

• Features of I. Bunin's creativity.
• The role of the hero’s appearance in his characterization (using the example of several
• Features of a romantic hero (using the example of several works).
• The theme of love in Akhmatova’s lyrics.
• Nature in the works of V. A. Zhukovsky.
• History in Pushkin's works.
• The problem of the homeland in Yesenin’s work.

Labor projects

There will also be great scope for creative work in technology assignments. The project topics discussed below are intended for girls:

• How to decorate a kitchen-dining room.
• Dishes of Russian cuisine.
• Indoor plants and interior design.
• DIY knitted accessories.
• Decor and setting of the festive table.

Here are the projects boys can prepare:

• Making wall shelves for CDs or books.
• How to make a board for cutting vegetables.
• Models of airplanes, ships, cars.
• Making a bench.
• How to make a folding table for a balcony.

Scientific design

Often, students need to find suitable topics for research projects. The scope of options is wide, because there are so many scientific branches, so many different areas of research. From the following topics, perhaps the student will be able to choose something for himself:

• Earth's atmosphere: composition, structure, movement of air masses.
• Newton's laws and their application.
• Aggregate states of matter.
• Physical properties of carbon.

What is a learning project? a project is the “five Ps”: problem - design (planning) - information search - product - presentation The sixth "P" of a project is its portfolio, i.e. e. a folder in which all working materials are collected, including drafts, plans, reports, etc.

Types of projects Practice-oriented (layout, model, instructions, recommendations) Research (proof or refutation of any hypothesis) Information (collection, registration and presentation of information about any phenomenon or object) Creative (work of fine art, literature)

Stages of project implementation Selecting a project topic Proposing hypotheses for solving a problem Discussing a work plan for the project Discussing possible sources of information Distributing tasks in a group Independent work in groups Preparing a presentation and defending a project Evaluating the results of the project by students and teachers

Planning algorithm What needs to be done to achieve the project goal (tasks) How will you solve these problems (methods of work) When will you do it (time frame) What do you have to complete the work, what can you do (available resources) What is to come learn (missing resources) When you will implement everything necessary (schedule of work on the project)

Requirements for written work Correctly format the title page: name of school, name of project, full name of class, consultant full name, teacher..., village, year Number the pages, leaving margins (1.5 cm) on the left. Print the work at 2 intervals (1 cm). font 14 Structure of a written report on the work on the project: introduction (topic, choice of topic, goal, objectives, work plan, collection of information) main part, conclusion, appendices (diagrams, tables, etc.) , literature used (in alphabetical order) and Internet resources (websites)

Requirements for public defense of a project Defense is carried out orally, with the obligatory demonstration of the results of the project Before defense, it is necessary to check the quality of the project product (model, presentation) Prepare a plan for the speech, abstracts of the speech Consider the form of defense (presentation, model, map, ...)

Speech 7 min In the speech it is necessary to: reflect what caused the choice of the topic, its relevance, possible practical application, how much material was collected, how the material was collected, what problems arose during its collection name the purpose and objectives of the project disclose a brief content of the research, reveal the essence of the work speak according to the prepared plan to tell, not read! Do not stand with your back to the audience!

When speaking at the end: I think I managed to achieve the goal because... to express my personal attitude to this topic, to summarize the results of the work: what worked, what didn’t work, why, what are the prospects for working on the project (what else can be done next), what it gave work on the project indicate project resources

Project 8 is work in which: The goal is defined and the plan is clearly formulated; the plan consists of the main stages; the topic is covered, the availability of knowledge outside the school curriculum; full information about the sources used; analysis of situations that arose in the process of work; there are conclusions; prospects for work (what more can be done according to the project) Creative, original approach of the author to the idea of ​​the project Competent design of the work, protection within the framework of time regulations Aesthetics (model, layout)

If you are preparing a presentation... No more slides for variety: Use different types of slides: with drawings, tables, diagrams Do not make the presentation bright, flashy, just animation

Volume of information You should not fill one slide with too much information: people can remember no more than three facts, conclusions, definitions. The greatest effectiveness is achieved when key points are displayed one on each separate slide

26

Project (from Latin “I throw forward”) – a plan, proposals, preliminary text of a document, a set of technical documentation (calculations, drawings, layouts, etc.).

Project in the context of education, there is effective activity performed in specially organized by the teacher (“laboratory”) conditions.

Project method is a learning system in which students acquire knowledge and skills in the process of independent planning and carrying out gradually more complex practical tasks - projects.

The design method is aimed at:

· Development of critical thinking.

· Development of creative thinking.

· Ability to work with information.

Classification (types) of educational projects:

1. Research– refers to the activity of students aimed at solving a creative, research problem (task) with a solution unknown in advance and presupposing the presence of the main stages characteristic of scientific research.

2. Creative- do not have a detailed structure, subject to the genre of the final result, but the results are presented in a thoughtful, complete form: a video script, a holiday program, an essay plan, an article, a report, the design and headings of a newspaper, an almanac, an album, a website, etc.

3. Applied– distinguishes the result of the activities of its participants clearly defined from the very beginning. For example, a document created based on research findings; action program, recommendations aimed at eliminating identified inconsistencies (in nature, in society, in organizations); draft law, reference material, dictionary, reasoned explanation of a phenomenon.

An application project requires: a carefully thought-out structure; determining the functions of each participant; registration of the results of project activities; “final product”, presentation of the results obtained and possible ways of their implementation in practice; external evaluation of the project (review).

4. Information– this type of project is aimed at working with information about an object or phenomenon. It is expected that project participants will be familiarized with specific information, analyzed and summarized for a wider audience. Project structure:

5. Role-playing, gaming– in such projects the structure is only outlined and remains open until the work is completed. Participants take on specific roles determined by the nature and content of the project. The results of these projects are outlined at the beginning of their implementation, but only finally emerge at the very end. The degree of creativity here is very high.

Number of project participants:

1. individual
2. doubles
3. group

Duration of the project:

1. short-term (developed over several lessons)

2. medium-term (from a week to a month)

3. long-term (from 1 month to several months)

Stages of working on an educational project:

1. Work on a project is always aimed at solving a specific, socially significant, research, informational, practical problem.

2. Planning actions to resolve the problem - execution of the work always begins with the design of the project itself.

3. Research activity of students as a prerequisite for each project. Distinctive features of project work - search for information.

4. The result of work on the project is product.

5. Product Presentation – presentation and defense himself project.

Structure of the educational project:

Stages	Tasks	Student activities	Activities of a teacher
1. Beginning	Defining the topic, clarifying the goals, starting position. Selecting a working group.	Clarify the information. Discuss the task.	Motivates students. Explains the goals of the project. Watches
2. Planning	Problem analysis. Identification of information sources. Setting objectives and choosing criteria for evaluating results. Distribution of roles in the team.	Form tasks. Clarify information (sources). Select and justify your success criteria	Assists with analysis and synthesis (as requested). Watching.
3. Research	Collection and clarification of information. Discussion of alternatives (“brainstorming”). Choosing the optimal option. Clarification of activity plans.	They work with information. Conduct synthesis and analysis of ideas. Perform research	Watching. Consults.
4. Execution	Project implementation.	Do research and work on a project. They draw up the project.	Watching. Advises (on request)
5. Evaluation of results	Analysis of project implementation, achieved results (successes and failures) and the reasons for this. Analysis of achieving the set goal.	Participate in collective project introspection and self-evaluation.	Watching. Directs the analysis process (if necessary).
6. Project protection	Preparation of the report; justification of the design process, explanation of the results obtained. Collective defense of the project. Grade.	Protect the project. Participate in collective assessment of project results.	Participates in collective analysis and evaluation of project results.

Approximate project structure:

The project must have an explanatory note (theoretical part) with the following structure:

· title page (name of educational institution, group, author, project name, supervisor, place of publication, year);

· epigraph;

· introduction

· main part (chapters, sections, paragraphs);

· conclusion;

· list of sources and literature used;

· application (photos, drawings, illustrations, maps, tables, graphs).

Types of project presentations:

Presentations of educational projects can be carried out in the form of:

1. business game;

2. demonstration of a video film or any other product made on the basis of information technology;

3. dialogue between historical or literary characters;

4. games with the audience;

5. illustrative comparison of facts, documents, events, eras, civilizations;

6. dramatization of a real or fictitious historical event;

7. scientific conference;

8. report of the research expedition;

9. press conferences;

12. role-playing game (performance);

13. competitions;

14. sports game;

15. theatricalization (embodiment in the role of a person, animate or inanimate creature);

16. TV shows;

17. excursions, etc.

Making a list of used literature:

The list of used literature is compiled in alphabetical order by the surnames of authors or titles of works (in the absence of surnames of authors).

The list includes all literary sources used in the process of work, regardless of where they were published (in a separate publication, in a collection, magazine, newspaper, etc.), as well as whether there are references in the text to those not included in a list of works or the latter were not cited, but were used by the author.

The list uses the general numbering of literary sources.

Project evaluation criteria:

1. the significance and relevance of the problems raised.

2. correctness of the research methods used and methods of processing the results obtained.

3. the activity of each project participant in accordance with his individual capabilities.

4. collective nature of decisions made.

6. strict adherence to the form of the chosen genre.

7. use of additional information in relation to the basic training course.

8. evidence of decisions made, the ability to give reasons for one’s conclusions.

9. aesthetics of presentation of project results.

10. form of project defense, speech culture, ability to answer opponents’ questions.

Deadline: 6 hours

Note:

1. A project is, first of all, the embodiment of your creative ideas and plans; don’t be afraid to be wrong or look funny in the eyes of your classmates.

2. The teacher is always ready to answer your questions.

3. Dictionary:

Relevance research is determined by several factors: the need to supplement theoretical constructs related to the phenomenon being studied; the need for new methods: the need for practice.

To justify its relevance means to explain why a given problem needs to be studied at this time.

Object of study- is a process or phenomenon , creating a problematic situation.

Subject of study– this is what is within the boundaries of the object. The subject of research can be phenomena as a whole, their individual aspects, aspects and relationships between individual aspects and the whole.

Purpose of the study is his desired end result. The most typical goals are:

· Determination of the characteristics of phenomena that have not been studied previously, little studied

· Identification of the relationship between phenomena

· Study of the dynamics of phenomena

Description of a new effect, phenomenon

· Discovery of a new nature of phenomena

· Generalization, identification of general patterns

· Creation of classifications, typologies

· Creation of a methodology

· Adaptation of methods

Hypothesis- an assumption in which, based on a number of factors, a conclusion is made about the existence of an object, connection or cause of a phenomenon, and this conclusion cannot be considered completely proven.

Research problem is the choice of ways and means to achieve a goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward. Setting objectives is based on dividing the research goal into subgoals. The work may involve several tasks.

Methods– the main ways in which research is carried out.

Research stages– the main periods of the researcher’s work.

Research structure– number of chapters, tables, researched sources, applications.

Scientific novelty– results obtained for the first time, material not studied by others.

Theoretical significance– what area of ​​science can be influenced by the theoretical conclusions obtained, what are the prospects for applied work.

Practical significance– is determined by the influence of the received recommendations and proposals on solving practical issues.

Related information.