Book by Ponomarenko V.V. "7 radicals

Current page: 1 (book has 13 pages in total)

Introduction

Questions and tasks

Hysterical radical

Qualities of behavior.

Questions and tasks

Epileptoid radical

Questions and assignments.

Paranoid Radical

Questions and tasks

Emotive radical

Questions and tasks

Schizoid radical

Questions and tasks

Hyperthymic radical

Questions and tasks

Anxious radical

Questions and tasks

Psychological profile

Questions and tasks

Psychological picture

Ponomarenko V.V. Practical characterology with elements of forecasting and behavior management (the “seven radicals” method) / V.V. Ponomarenko. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2006. – 252 p. – (Psychological workshop).

The book is a psychological study (diagnosis) of the main groups of human qualities in the structure of a real character. The author proposes the “seven radicals” technique, which is the result of refraction of the generally accepted theory of character through his own professional experience. Seven main human radicals are presented - hysterical, epileptoid, paranoid, emotive, schizoid, hyperthymic and anxious. Each of these radicals is considered according to the following scheme: general characteristics, appearance, qualities of behavior, behavior management and features of communication.

The book is intended for specialists who work with people: psychologists, doctors, teachers, specialists in the field of human resource management, as well as for anyone interested in applied psychology.

Introduction10

Questions and tasks29

Hysteroid radical30

General characteristics31

Appearance38

Qualities of behavior.45

Features of communication building52

Questions and tasks54

Epileptoid radical56

General characteristics.56

Appearance.63

Qualities of behavior.70

Features of communication construction.81

Questions and tasks.84

Paranoid Radical85

General characteristics.86

Appearance.91

Qualities of behavior.95

Problems.100

Features of communication construction.102

Questions and tasks104

Emotive radical105

General characteristics.106

Appearance.111

Qualities of behavior.114

Features of communication construction119

Questions and tasks120

Schizoid radical121

General characteristics.122

Appearance.131

Qualities of behavior.139

Problems.143

Features of communication construction.146

Questions and tasks146

Hyperthymic radical148

General characteristics.148

Appearance.149

Qualities of behavior.156

Problems.160

Features of communication construction161

Questions and tasks163

Anxious radical163

General characteristics.164

Appearance.166

Qualities of behavior.171

Problems.174

Features of communication construction.174

Questions and tasks179

Psychological profile180

Questions and tasks196

Chapter 10196

Psychological portrait196

Preface.

I will not hide, it is pleasant that the author of this work, Viktor Viktorovich Ponomarenko, whom I deeply respect, entrusted me with writing the preface to his brainchild, which was born as the result of difficult professional activity in the field of medical and psychological examination over many years of his hard work, often associated with the risk of life.

Today, there are approaches from well-known and not-so-well-known researchers regarding the classification of characters. Such approaches were built on various grounds: analysis of ethical principles (Plato, Theofastus), description of human abilities (Galle), analysis of the body and genealogy (F. Giordano), study of the structure of the body (E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon), descriptions of feelings and aspirations person (F. Polan, N. Lossky), consideration of the influence of the sociocultural environment (E. Fromm, D. Honigman, VS. Bratus), the dominant impulses and drives of the individual (3. Freud), analysis of the functional orientation of the individual (K. Jung ) and etc.

At the same time, the famous domestic psychologist and scientist D.Ya. Raigorodsky, not without reason, notes that “domestic psychology has had no luck with the problem of character.” The only fundamental work is “Questions in the Psychology of Character” by N.D. Levitov, published in 1956, and then republished in several editions until 1969 under the title “Psychology of Character”. It must be said that research work in this direction had both numerous predecessors who, to one degree or another, dealt with the problem of character, and followers. Among them are famous scientists, B.G. Ananyev, A.G. Asmolov, E.A. Klimov, A.F. Lazursky, K.K. Platonov, SL. Rubinstein and others, who considered character as “a meaningful and socially significant component of personality.”

At the same time, in domestic science there are studies that attempt to consider people’s characters through the prism of so-called “disharmonies” (P.B. Gannushkin, A.E. Lichko). In this regard, P.B. Gannushkin notes: “When they talk about someone having this or that particular character, this or that temperament, then, of course, they indicate a certain one-sidedness of his mental organization, thereby making it clear that there is a certain disharmony in the sphere of his psyche , about the lack of balance in the relationship between individual aspects of his mental activity.”

The authors' approaches to consider people's characters through the prism of mental disharmonies lead to an understanding of the ideal personality as devoid of character, flexible in behavior and life activity, and controlled by external conditions correlated with the need structure. Unfortunately or fortunately, this is impossible. A person is endowed with consciousness, operates with principles, rules and norms formed on the basis of the existing mental structure that determine his life activity and are manifested in it. This means that a person is doomed to be a bearer of character, doomed to be disharmonious to some extent, endowed with certain characteristics. At the same time, as noted in the works of P.B. Gannushkina and A.I. Lichko, the description of the so-called “normal people” – carriers of disharmonies “to the smallest detail coincides with the description of psychopathic personalities taken from clinical practice.” Correct understanding of characters, in the words of P.B. Gannushkina, “... became possible only from the time when this understanding was based on a psychiatric point of view.”

It is this position that psychiatrist and psychologist V.V. takes in the work presented to the reader’s attention. Ponomarenko, considering personality from the position of the so-called “personal clinical radicals”, by which the author understands independent groups of qualities in the structure of a real character, homogeneous in origin, that is, which are based on the same “internal conditions”, similar to the root structure . Hence the author’s definition given to the named groups of qualities - radicals (from the Latin radix - root).

Work by V.V. Ponomarenko is aimed at specialists who work with people and for the sake of people: psychologists, doctors, teachers, specialists in the field of human resource management, and all those who are obliged to be a psychologist in the essence of their professional activities.

The author's merit is an attempt to consider a complex problem in an understandable way for those who do not have special training in the field of psychiatry or clinical psychology. Attempts to analyze the “readability” of the manuscript of this work, as the ability to understand, be involved and interested in the reading process, allow us to draw an unambiguous conclusion: the work is necessary, timely, and will arouse keen interest among representatives of various age groups and professions.

At the same time, the high level of scientific content of the proposed materials, comprehended and prepared for publication by a person who has achieved a high level of professionalism, is obvious.

In order not to abuse the reader's attention and not to take away time that could usefully be applied to reading such an interesting work, all that remains is to wish it a good journey, acceptance, multiple editions and reasonable criticism from fellow scientists who are aware of the complexity of the chosen direction of research and analysis.

Knyazev A.M. – psychologist, candidate of pedagogical sciences, doctoral student of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, head of the psychological laboratory.

As the need to value and protect available resources grows in human society (how could it be otherwise, if there are more and more of us people, and fewer and fewer of them, resources?), psychology ceases to be a science of the soul - exciting, but somewhat abstract discipline - and turns into a science about patterns of behavior. Psychology today is looking for (and finding!) means and ways to control human behavior in order to achieve maximum results in his activities, in communication, and in self-development. But everyone, without exception, is interested in this.

Rational behavior of a person in the social environment around him is impossible without a sufficiently high level of psychological competence.

It comes as no surprise to anyone that to effectively use any mechanism, such as a personal computer or a car, you must at least understand the principles and master basic technologies to support its operation. No one sane will touch the keyboard or get behind the wheel without at least reading the brochures from the “for dummies” series, without taking initial lessons in the craft. Apparently, we value mechanisms more than people, whom we often allow ourselves to treat as God pleases.

Meanwhile, the psychological resources of each person are defined and limited, and behavior is subject to patterns as strict as all other natural laws. Only by knowing the volumes and quality of these resources, the nature of these patterns, can you build conscious, effective management of the behavior of other people, and your own.

Unfortunately, we know ourselves poorly and even less - others. Wanting to benefit from interaction and enhance the joy of communication, we often rely only on an intuitive idea of our partner (or partners) in a particular social group. We easily create in our imagination an illusory image of a person we care about and focus on this illusion when building relationships. And how deep is our disappointment when it is shattered by reality, “does not live up to expectations”...

You should not hope, but know! When we see a small, elegant car, like a lacquer miniature, perfectly suited for driving along city streets, it doesn’t occur to us that it would be nice to use it to pull a tractor stuck there out of a swamp. And even the thought of transporting a small amount of cement and bricks on this miracle of technology and design to build a summer house seems blasphemous to us. After all, there are other, more suitable vehicles for this.

Alas, we have to admit again that we understand inanimate nature better than we understand people. In our deep conviction, we must cope with everyday and production tasks, whatever they may be.

any. “I could do it, and so could he. Why can’t you?” – we often ask our loved ones, colleagues, and partners with sincere indignation. The correct answer to this “why?” a lot is included: high quality of life, success, public recognition, prevention of social crises and conflicts.

If we translate what has been said into modern technological language, we are talking about the fact that people, as a rule, try to set goals for themselves and those around them without a thorough, objective analysis of the resource base, dooming all participants in the process to deliberate failure (or, at best, to great costs disproportionate to the result obtained). Isn’t this the reason that we live so hard!

Where is the way out? - It's obvious. You should learn to understand people. This is what modernity requires. This is a necessary component of culture.

The fact that a person of asthenic physique will not cope with a barbell weighing a quarter of a ton, even if he is taught the technique of lifting weights for a long time, and after a number of unsuccessful attempts will come to hate this sports equipment, is at least understandable to us. Now you need to understand, for example, that a person with a strong nervous system and agile psyche will not be able to prepare a high-quality accounting report or carefully check the documents of everyone entering and leaving.

That the owner of a bright, catchy appearance will not keep a corporate secret for a long time, but will try by hook or by crook to bring it to public discussion. That purposefulness and the tendency to take responsibility are innate (although, of course, they are strengthened by education), and that the social usefulness of these qualities is far from unconditional, etc., etc.

By searching for an answer to the above-mentioned fundamental “why?” Scientific psychology has been involved for a long time. However, the accumulated facts and patterns found are apparently not yet sufficient to create a single universal knowledge covering all aspects of human behavior.

The lack of unity in theory, however, does not at all disarm practice. Practical psychology is actively developing - systematized experience in the application of one or more techniques that allow solving a wide range of problems in recognizing and effectively using human resources. The only problem is the real value (i.e. effectiveness) of such techniques.

Accurate, objective, practical knowledge about the regulators of human behavior is a rarity in today’s ocean of very unequal psychological information.

* Including those committed against journalists D. Kholodov, V. Listyev, the group of TV journalist E. Masyuk in Chechnya, as well as serial crimes in the Losiny Ostrov forest park, terrorist attacks in the Moscow metro, in the cultural center on Dubrovka, etc. In these and other cases, the author worked as an expert to create socio-psychological portraits of criminals, assessed their mental state, predicted behavior, etc.

Believe me, such work requires not only filigree psychological techniques, but also intellectual “breakthroughs” into the previously unknown, improving existing ones and developing new, more objective approaches to diagnosing, predicting and managing people’s behavior.

The book brought to your attention summarizes the author’s ideas about the nature of human actions and, I hope, will serve as a good help to those who have set themselves the task of learning to understand people.

With best wishes, Victor Ponomarenko.

Chapter 1

Introduction

Dear Colleagues! For from now on, I don’t know whether this will make you happy or sad, we are colleagues, that is, people united by a common cause - the study of the patterns of human behavior.

It is difficult to imagine knowledge more important and useful for each of us living on this planet than knowledge about the nature of our actions. Why do we behave this way and not some other way? Why do we choose exactly those we choose from among the many options for achieving a goal or forms of responding to external and internal influences?

Why do people raised in approximately equal (and sometimes almost identical) social conditions act differently, sometimes fundamentally differently, in similar life situations?

The answers to these questions are the key to our objective attitude towards the human world. To our loved ones: relatives, friends, like-minded people; colleagues: managers, subordinates, candidates for positions of both; to political and cultural figures, to officials performing difficult official duties, to consumers of the products we produce - objects, services, ideas et cetera. And, most importantly, this is the key to our unbiased attitude towards ourselves.

You ask: is it possible to be unbiased about yourself? Answer: not only is it possible, but it should! Since nothing is more harmful to the formation and full realization of personality than self-deception - a false, illusory idea about one’s own potential, the characteristics of adaptive behavior, and social purpose.

Question: what if, in the process of objective self-knowledge, we learn something that not only does not increase, but, on the contrary, significantly lowers our self-esteem, gives rise to a pessimistic attitude towards our own prospects, and makes, God forbid, make us hate ourselves?

Answer: nonsense!

The psyche of a person who is healthy: that is, he feels good, is able to work productively, and does not interfere with the lives of the majority of those around him - this, in a certain sense, is a set of tools for solving a wide range of problems to ensure survival, development and reproduction.

For each of us (and we, I would like to think, are healthy people) this set is individual. And each tool included in our individual sets has withstood the severe test of millions of years of evolution, tempered in the crucible of natural and artificial selection.

You can have no doubt about it – this instrument. It proved its usefulness, and nature, in alliance with society, preserved it, passing it on from generation to generation. So, colleagues, there are no “bad” mental qualities.

Therefore, there is no reason for pessimism and loss of self-esteem! There are no qualities - unambiguous advantages and disadvantages. Any of them becomes an advantage if used for its intended purpose, accordingly (adequately) to the current situation.

In the same way, any quality that finds itself out of place, often through no fault of its owner, turns into a disadvantage.

This is a general rule. So, a microscope is a good optical instrument, but a poor tool for driving nails... However, friends, enough questions! Now a question for you. Who do you think on our planet is the bearer (owner) of intelligence?

Just don’t ask the author what “mind” is. Otherwise, we will have to bore you with discussions about the subject’s ability to create in his internal mental space a model of the external, objectively existing world. And it’s not easy to model what is perceived directly, in real time, so to speak. But also to recreate the past and predict the future of this world. In addition, the concept of “mind” also includes the ability of the subject to control his own behavior, in accordance with the above model, and, of course, to actively transform the objective world in order to create the best conditions for adaptation... In a word, something like that. I hope, despite some vagueness of these explanations, we all understand what we are talking about.

So, who is he, the bearer of reason? Correct answer: man. Wonderful!

Question number two: where does intelligence come from in a person? What is its source? I suggest: “man...”. What are you saying? "...century"? - No. Correct answer: humanity, human society, society.

From school, everyone is well aware of the so-called. "Mowgli phenomenon" History, indeed, knows several cases when a “human baby,” separated from its parents by the will of fate, ended up in a pack of animals, and then returned to people again. But not a muscular handsome man full of wisdom and nobility - the king of the jungle, as the romantic Kipling portrayed it, but a pitiful, hunted, aggressive creature emitting tuneless sounds. All the efforts of psychologists and teachers (and, presumably, these were far from the worst representatives of their professions) did not help restore these creatures to their full human appearance!

Here is a typical example: one of these children, having spent titanic efforts, was taught, with grief in half, to use a spoon and fork, was seated at the table and placed in front of him - hungry as a wolf cub - a plate with deliciously smelling meat... So what? – He didn’t touch the food. Only when the people watching him went into the next room did he scurry downstairs and began to steal pieces from the plate from under the table, like an animal. Sorry sight! Even simple stereotypes of social behavior turned out to be inaccessible to such children, not to mention human consciousness - thinking, higher emotions, speech, which they never developed.

A less exotic name for this phenomenon is “pedagogical neglect.” When a child grows up, although not in the forest, but in a primitive social environment, his behavior is not much different from the behavior of an oligophrenic (a person suffering from congenital dementia caused by brain damage), which indicates the same underdevelopment of the psyche in both.

All this convincingly proves that, despite the set of genes that determine a subject’s belonging to the biological species Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens), the mind in him is by no means spontaneously generated. Human genetics, therefore, is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the transformation of a person into a bearer of reason, into a rational being. The decisive role here belongs to the teaching and educational influence from society. The ancients said in this regard that a person comes into the world as a tabula rasa (blank slate). The inscriptions on this board, which determine the content of his mental life, are made by humanity.

In modern science there is a concept of “personality”. With all the diversity of its definitions, this concept reveals the essence of a person as an object (formed under the influence) and at the same time a subject (actor, creator) of society, social relations.

The process of personality formation under the influence of society, the acquisition by a person of various knowledge, skills, abilities and, as a result, his integration into the system of social connections and relationships is called socialization.

So, dear colleagues, it turns out that it is not so much a person as a society as a single whole that is an intelligent being inhabiting the Earth. How can one not recall the thinking and feeling Ocean created by the imagination of a science fiction writer on a distant planet (S. Lem “Solaris”)! An impressive, heartfelt image... But there is no need to go far, or rather, fly! The Intelligent Ocean is you and me. People. Earthlings... Every person is a drop of this Ocean. Its integral part. We do not exist without him, he does not exist without us...

However, all this is common knowledge. Another thing is interesting. If we draw the rational principle and the content of our psyche that is formed on its basis from the social environment around us, then why are we so different from each other? The environment is the same for many of us. Why are children sitting at the same desk at school, taught by teachers using the same methods, according to the same program, so different from each other?

Before answering this most important question, let's look at how personality is formed. The most obvious, although, of course, simplified analogy that can be used to explain this process would be visiting a store... say, clothes. Imagine a person who decides to dress up. Even if he plans to completely complete his wardrobe - from socks to hats - he still cannot buy up everything that is in the store. He will choose only what suits his taste, size, shape, and pocket. In short, he will choose clothes that suit his capabilities. Something similar happens in the process of socialization.

I should note in passing that the information accumulated by society over many millennia of its evolution exists and is passed on from generation to generation, mainly in the form of relatively stable forms filled with specific content - in the form of stereotypes, repeated technologies for solving behavioral problems.

Take a closer look, colleagues, and you will see that our knowledge, skills, abilities, views, assessments, passions, etc. are a certain set of stereotypes.

We shape our appearance, improve our health, pay tribute to sanitation and hygiene, solve a wide range of professional problems, get to know others, eat food, express our attitude to global problems, declare our love and engage in it stereotypically. Many generations of people did the same before us. They taught us this.

Even if someone tries to be original or, say, fight against generally accepted stereotypes, he also does it in a stereotypical way. Society has stored up stereotypes of original, protest, marginal, and even antisocial behavior just in case. Essentially, personality is largely composed of such stereotypes, acquired throughout life.

Are you upset? In vain! There is a deep meaning in the fact that a person, coming into this world, immediately begins to accumulate stereotypical information about it and stereotypically reproduce it in his own behavior.

Firstly, it is no secret that human capabilities - both mental and physical - are limited. And these restrictions are reflected in the form and content of social stereotypes. Agree, in our arsenal of forms of behavior there are stereotypes of gait, but there are no stereotypes of flying through the air without the use of technical means (the author deliberately overlooks extreme cases).

For example, since cave times we have been using stereotypes of protection from blood-sucking insects; in recent decades, stereotypes of counteracting pathogenic bacteria and viruses have spread and taken a stable place in society, but we do not have stereotypes of responding to the movement of molecules in the space around us. We don’t see them, these molecules, they don’t seem to touch us (although objectively they play a huge role in our lives), well, therefore, we don’t consider it necessary to react to them behaviorally, to form, accumulate and pass on stereotypes to our offspring communication with them.

Thus, behavioral stereotypes are stable forms of behavior* determined by a person’s natural capabilities, allowing them (these same capabilities) to be used optimally, that is, with the greatest efficiency.

* In a broad sense, including activities, communication, realized social attitudes, relationships, values, etc.

This is the first circumstance. Secondly, if our behavior - actions, assessments, statements - were purely individual, unique (how many people, so many options), you and I would not be able to understand each other, communication and interaction in society would become impossible.

Now let's return to the clothing store example. It turns out that the world around us, into which each of us becomes an individual, is a kind of “ready-to-wear store.” On its shelves, hangers and mannequins there are various colors and styles, but in each homogeneous stylistic range there are stereotypical things.

And again let us ask the question: why, while assimilating stereotypes, do we nevertheless gain individuality? What exactly is individual?

Let us answer ourselves: the set and combination of stereotypes we have learned and implemented are individual. They are as individual as our capabilities and our life experiences are unique.

Let's talk about it. Since understanding the nature of individuality will become the key to all our subsequent discussions about the character of a person, methods of studying it, describing it, predicting the behavior of an individual,

dividual in situations of interest to us, increasing the effectiveness of professional activities, communication and interaction in the social environment.

Imagine, dear colleagues, a sports equipment. A barbell weighing two hundred and fifty kilograms.

Question: is everyone able to lift this barbell without assistance and hold it above their head for at least a few seconds?

Answer: not everyone.

Question two: is every person capable of solving a mathematical problem of a high level of complexity? Answer: not everyone.

Question three: is everyone capable of rationally arranging their workplace? Answer: see above...

Meanwhile, there are stereotypes about lifting weights, solving mathematical problems, and organizing work. There are people who know these stereotypes professionally and are ready to teach others. What's the matter?

Any driving school instructor will tell you how willingly he undertakes to teach driving to one person, but does not even want to waste time on another due to the complete lack of perspective.

Any dance teacher or chemistry professor will proudly name his most capable students and dismiss, from his point of view, mediocrities.

Consequently, not all of the existing behavioral stereotypes cultivated in society are available to everyone. Some people easily and quickly master the technique of complex physical exercises, some more easily than others learn a craft that requires patience and precision movements, some like to experience the feeling of intellectual tension, mental games when analyzing chess combinations...

And someone cannot cope with either one, or the other, or the third, but without much difficulty they master the skills of an operator who controls a complex - multi-level and multi-purpose - automated system, and also paints with watercolors...

During our lives, we fully assimilate (and, therefore, use as tools for adaptation to the social environment) only those behavioral stereotypes that our individual capabilities and internal conditions allow us to perceive.

“What are these ‘internal conditions’?” - you ask.

Answer: the internal conditions that determine what kind of behavioral stereotypes will be learned by a particular person (individual), and which ones he will not be able to perceive even with intensive training, are nothing more than those inherent in him (congenital and/or acquired during the prenatal and infant periods development) basic mental and, to some extent, physical qualities.

You and I will be mainly interested in the qualities of the psyche: the properties of the nervous system (the strength and speed of processes occurring in the central nervous system), intelligence (primarily the style of thinking), the emotional sphere, since a person’s physical capabilities have a relatively lesser influence on the style his social behavior. Science, at least in the person of the author, is not able to speak in more detail and clearly about these internal conditions (one literally sees a hail of stones flying from the camp of neuropsychologists and psychophysiologists!).

Psychotype- this is a certain type of people, and psychodiagnostics is precisely this “typing” of people into certain groups.

In profiling, knowledge of the psychotype even before the start of communication helps to build a strategy for asking questions, predict the interlocutor’s reactions to our stimuli, and find out whether a person is capable of a certain action or not.
This is the tool that gives us a baseline of behavior (which is very important in diagnosing lies).

Operational psychodiagnostics is a tool with which it is possible to conduct a multifaceted study of the personal properties and characteristics of a particular person’s condition.
Operational psychodiagnostics allows us to better understand a person’s hidden motivation. Helps you understand how to optimally build relationships.

The essence of the technique is that according to external signs (visual psychodiagnostics) determine the components of character - radicals.

Thus, in real time, without the use of tests, you can see the psychological and communicative characteristics of a partner by his behavior, by the manner of constructing communication, and even by the appearance of the interlocutor.

7 character radicals:

Paranoid (purposeful);
Hysterical (demonstrative);
Epileptoid (there are 2 types: stuck and excitable);
Schizoid (strange);
Hyperthymic (cheerful);
Emotive (sensitive);
Anxious (fearful).

Paranoid (purposeful) type

These are usually people with a powerful inner core. They live mainly by their idea, fight for it, suffer, defend it.
They are not receptive to outside information.
They listen only to their own opinion (“One is mine, the other is wrong...”), this often results in an unwillingness to listen to others and leads to a desire to avoid problems.
People of the paranoid type are strategists, but not tacticians. Their goals are global and their scale is enormous.
The basic principle by which they live: “Whoever is not with us is against us.”
They are demanding of themselves and others and always evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their interlocutor.

Cloth:People of the paranoid type are characterized by neatness, a classic style of clothing during work hours, and a military style in their free time. Usually in this style there is nothing superfluous, all accessories are in place.

Facial expressions:Powerful, confident.

Gestures:Wide, cutting, pointing. Such people tend to often break distance with their interlocutor in order to confuse him.

Speech:Confident. A mentoring tone is possible. Such people love to talk about topics that only interest them. They are consistent in their presentation (firstly, secondly, thirdly...) and often use harsh formulations, words and assessments.

How to communicate with someone like this: To establish a connection with such people, it is recommended to demonstrate your power (status).
In the discussion, make references to laws or opinions of authoritative people. It is worth giving a clear structure of the arguments (firstly, secondly, thirdly...).
An interlocutor with a pronounced paranoid radical will most successfully listen to a powerful, authoritative person than to a subordinate.
You can try to show the need for your proposals to solve the global idea of paranoia.

Hysterical (demonstrative)

The hysterical radical promotes the desire to please. Such people often imagine themselves as having the gift of acting. Life for them is a theater, and those around them are spectators. This makes them behave demonstratively and strive to be noticed.
In communication one can observe mannerism and excessive talkativeness.
Usually hysterics believe in what is said, despite possible unreliability or inconsistency. This is the result of a desire to embellish any story.
Sometimes it’s enough just to listen and the “inconsistencies” will appear on their own. Such a person uses every opportunity to speak out.

Cloth:Often “provocative”, either bright or with extravagant details, is complemented by a large amount of jewelry, accessories and thick makeup for women.
In men, you can see excessive presence of jewelry, or any other conspicuous details of appearance. For example, a neckerchief, an abundance of rings, etc.

Facial expressions:All emotions on the face of people with a predominant hysteroid radical look exaggerated. These are wide smiles, open-mouthed laughter, sadness with tears, universal sorrow.

Gestures:Broad, picturesque gestures and accentuated poses predominate.

Speech:Emotional and expressive, with dramatic pauses.

How to communicate with someone like this: With such an interlocutor, the best position is to be a listener. A person with a predominant hysterical radical reveals himself more if he pretends to believe the game.
If you praise such an interlocutor, he will make any decision in your favor. To catch someone lying, you just have to ask them to repeat the story.

Epileptoid (stuck)

Such a person does not switch well from one to another.
Often these people are systematic, punctual, leisurely, and pragmatic.
Preparation is important for them if any decision is to be made. Everything should always be in its place. This category of people is intolerant when someone changes its order.
Such people are used to planning and writing everything down.
The life principle of a stuck epileptoid is “My home is my fortress.” His social reference point is family.

Facial expressions:The gaze is direct, confident, and sometimes may seem heavy to the interlocutor. Emotional outbursts are rare and insignificant.

Gestures:Clear, verified.

Speech:Lethargic, slow.

How to communicate with someone like this: A conversation with such an interlocutor is successful if you provide him with a coherent, reasoned system of evidence. The process should take place without fuss and spontaneous manifestations. The epileptoid must see “his” interest, then your alliance is guaranteed.

Epileptoid (excitable)

Defines the category of tough, cruel people. They may play sports or take part in competitive activities.
Such people love short haircuts, short nails, and a sporty style of clothing. They seem to be always ready to fight. You can also notice a love of order and hierarchy, and often cynicism towards others. Such people are blindly faithful to instructions.
Their principle is “I followed the order...”. Prone to antisocial behavior, alcoholism, drug addiction.

Cloth:An excitable epileptoid is expressed through a sporty style of clothing.

Facial expressions:The gaze is direct, aggressive, facial expressions are often small and constrained.

Gestures:Heavy, with emphasized participation of muscles (flexes muscles). This is a raw show of force.

Speech:Lethargic, slow, tough.

How to communicate with someone like this: When communicating with this type of people, it is recommended to keep your distance and maintain a hard line without making concessions (otherwise they will immediately begin to push). It is also important to show your importance and authority on the issue of interest. At the same time, it is advisable not to provoke the excitable person into rash actions.

Schizoid (strange)

These are people who have their own personal world, where they themselves decide which laws to obey. They are characterized by creativity without patterns and unpredictable behavior.
These are pronounced introverts. Their peculiarity is that they are “Not like everyone else.” They often have an awkward appearance. These are either seemingly fragile people, or awkward, graceful in some places, awkward in others, outwardly angular.

Cloth:Often their clothes are inharmonious, may be sloppy and full of unexpected details. Unlike the hysterical type, schizoids do not have a clear “image”.

Facial expressions:A characteristic look “past the interlocutor to nowhere...” and a possible mismatch in facial expressions and gestures (for example, there is joy on the face, and the fists are clenched).

Gestures:Also angular and uncoordinated, awkward.

Speech:Quite highly intelligent, with an abundance of terminology, possibly indicating various sources of information.

How to communicate with someone like this: When talking with them, it is necessary to avoid harsh assessments and direct criticism (schizoids are very touchy). It is better to set tasks based on the final result, and report (if this is the boss) only with specific results achieved. Such a person does not perceive processes.

Hyperthymic (cheerful)

Such people are often optimistic and tend to find positive aspects in any situation. They are happy about everything new and never lose heart.
They are happy to make contacts and love to communicate. They are characterized by wit and an adequate sense of humor. Such a person takes on several problems at once and solves them. Hyperthymic people often prefer extreme recreation.

Cloth:Versatile, comfortable, not restricting movement.

Facial expressions:Lively, cheerful, energetic.

Gestures:Cheerful, fast. In his movements, hypertim is fidgety, often drops things, bumps into corners and people.

Speech:Passionate. Such people may start talking and lose the thread of the conversation, but then unexpectedly return to the topic.

How to communicate with someone like this: Open, free communication with such people is recommended. They always make contact and are prone to excessive trust.

Emotive (sensitive)

People who are distinguished by pronounced kindness. Such people are used to empathizing. In a conversation, they usually listen carefully and show understanding.
These are emotionally passive people who like to observe other people’s experiences rather than experience them themselves. Emotives like to watch television programs, films with emotional scenes, and read books that evoke strong emotions. There is a tendency to avoid conflicts, psychosomatic manifestations are possible, which intensify against the background of stress.

Cloth:Soft, pleasant to the touch, concealing movements or simply comfortable.

Facial expressions:Weak, insecure. Such people can be distinguished by the “Wet Eyes” effect.

Gestures:Smooth, without angularity, they can stroke themselves during a conversation.

Speech:Quiet. Such people are more willing to listen, they hardly object, and they rarely lie.

How to communicate with someone like this: Congruence and equality in communication are recommended with such people. It is also important to show signs of trust and try to find common ground.

Anxious (fearful)

Such people often cannot make decisions themselves. They try to close themselves off from communication and become very worried during contacts. They have their own calming rituals (for example, wiping your feet, spitting over your shoulder, before starting work, they drink coffee every day “to work through it”). These are people who are restrained in their statements and actions. Their principle is “Measure twice, cut once.” This is a weak psychotype.

Cloth:Dim, closed. Dark and gray plain fabrics or fabrics with small geometric patterns are preferred.

Facial expressions:Weak, insecure.

Gestures:Self-soothing. An anxious person often touches himself and wrings his hands. The postures of such people are constrained, as if in anticipation that they are about to “take off” from their place and run.

Speech:Quiet, unsure. Fear of saying the wrong thing.

How to communicate with someone like this: Such an interlocutor is recommended to show encouraging signs of attention, show trust, praise for any positive statement, and it is better not to criticize unnecessarily.
If criticism is necessary, it should be presented in such a way that the opponent understands that there is nothing wrong with the current situation.

Types of express diagnostics by appearance:

There are a huge number of types of express diagnostics based on appearance:

Physiognomy (face);
Graphology (handwriting);
Nonverbal communications (postures, gestures);
Scrapology (determining personal characteristics based on the characteristics of worn-out shoes);
Clothing (color and fabric preferences);
Decorations.

___________________

While I was reading, I was evaluating myself... I came to the conclusion that I am a Hyperthymic (cheerful) type. I took the test and it turned out that it was definitely me!
banktestov.ru/test/?id=37257

Yes, I am that strange and always cheerful... Although sometimes, inside, I am still that Schizoid)))) Who are you?

And as for other types of express diagnostics... We will gradually look into all possible studies so that we can create the most complete picture possible based on the signals that a person sends to us.

And finally, a little humor on the topic)

Book by Ponomarenko V.V. "7 radicals. Practical characterology"

· Practical characterology with elements of forecasting and behavior management

· Conflictology

Lecture 1. Introduction. 3

Lecture 2. Hysteroid radical. 16

Lecture 3. Epileptoid radical. thirty

Lecture 4. Paranoid radical. 47

Lecture 5. Emotive radical. 59

Lecture 6. Schizoid radical. 69

Lecture 7. Hyperthymic radical. 84

Lecture 8. Anxious radical. 94

Lecture 9. Psychological profile. 105

Lecture 10. Psychological portrait. 116

COURSE: CONFLICTOLOGY.. 128

WELL: PRACTICAL CHARACTEROLOGY. NON-TEST (VISUAL) PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF CHARACTER. ELEMENTS OF PREDICTION AND BEHAVIOR CONTROL.

Lecture 1. Introduction

Dear Colleagues! For from now on (I don’t know whether this will make you happy or sad) we are colleagues, i.e. people united by a common cause - the study of patterns of human behavior.

I cannot imagine knowledge that is more important and useful for each of us - living on this planet - than knowledge about the nature of our actions. Why do we behave this way and not some other way? Why do we choose exactly those we choose from among the many options for achieving a goal or forms of responding to external and internal influences? Why do people raised in approximately equal (and sometimes almost identical) social conditions act differently in similar life situations, sometimes fundamentally differently?

The answers to these questions are the key to our objective attitude towards the human world. To our loved ones - relatives, friends, like-minded people, to colleagues - managers, subordinates, candidates for positions of both, to political and cultural figures, to officials performing difficult official duties, to consumers of the products we produce (items, services, ideas, etc.) cetera). And, most importantly, this is the key to our unbiased attitude towards ourselves.

You ask: Is it possible to be unbiased about yourself? I answer: Not only is it possible, but it should be! Since nothing is more harmful to the formation and full realization of personality than self-deception - a false, illusory idea about one’s own potential, the characteristics of adaptive behavior, and social purpose.

Question: What if, in the process of objective self-knowledge, we learn something that not only does not increase, but, on the contrary, significantly lowers our self-esteem, gives rise to a pessimistic attitude towards our own prospects, and, God forbid, makes us hate ourselves?

Answer: Nonsense!

The psyche of a person who is healthy (that is, feels good, is able to work productively, does not interfere with the lives of most people around him) is, in a certain sense, a set of tools for solving a wide range of tasks to ensure survival, development and reproduction.

For each of us – and we, I would like to believe this, are healthy people – this set is individual. And each tool included in our individual sets has withstood the severe test of millions of years of evolution, tempered in the crucible of natural and, partly, artificial selection.

You can have no doubt about it – this instrument. It proved its usefulness, and nature (in alliance with society) preserved it, passing it on from generation to generation. So, colleagues, there are no “bad” mental qualities (therefore, there is no reason for pessimism and decreased self-esteem!). There are no qualities - unambiguous advantages and disadvantages. Any of them becomes an advantage if used for its intended purpose, accordingly (adequately) to the current situation. In the same way, any quality that finds itself (often through the fault of its owner) out of place turns into a flaw. This is a general rule. So, a microscope is a good optical instrument, but a poor tool for driving nails...

However, friends, enough questions! Now I want to ask you a question. Who do you think on our planet is the bearer (owner) of intelligence? (Just don’t ask me what “mind” is. Otherwise I will have to bore you with discussions about the ability of the subject to create in his internal mental space a model of the external, objectively existing world. And not just model what is perceived directly, in the mode, so to speak, "real time". But also to recreate the past and predict the future of this world. In addition, the concept of "mind" also includes the ability of the subject to control his own behavior, in accordance with the above model and, of course, to actively transform the objective world in order to create the best conditions for adaptation... In a word, something like that. I hope that despite some vagueness of the explanations, we all understand what we are talking about.)

So, who is he – the bearer of reason? The correct answer is "man". Wonderful!

Question number two: Where does intelligence come from in a person? What is its source? I suggest: “man...”. What are you saying? "...century"? No. Correct answer: humanity, human society, society.

From school, everyone is well aware of the so-called. "Mowgli phenomenon" History, indeed, knows several cases when a “human cub”, separated from its parents by the will of fate, ended up in a pack of animals, and then returned to people again. But not a muscular handsome man full of wisdom and nobility - the king of the jungle, as the romantic Kipling portrayed, but a pitiful, hunted, aggressive creature emitting tuneless sounds. All the efforts of psychologists and teachers - and, presumably, these were far from the worst representatives of their professions - did not help return these creatures to their full human appearance! Here is a typical example: one of these children, having expended titanic efforts, was taught, with grief in half, to use a spoon and fork, was seated at the table and placed in front of him - hungry as a wolf cub - a plate with deliciously smelling meat... So what? He didn't touch the food. Only when the people watching him went into the next room did he scurry downstairs and began stealing pieces from the plate from under the table, like an animal. Sorry sight! Even simple stereotypes of social behavior turned out to be inaccessible to such children. What can we say about human consciousness - higher emotions, thinking, speech, which they never developed.

The decisive role here belongs to the teaching and educational influence from society.

The ancients said about this: a person comes into the world as a tabula rasa (blank slate). The inscriptions on this board, which determine the content of his mental life, are made by humanity.

In modern science there is a concept "personality". With all the diversity of its definitions, this concept reveals the essence of man as an object (formed under the influence) and, at the same time, a subject (doer, creator) of society. The process of personality formation under the influence of society, the acquisition by a person of various knowledge, abilities, skills and, as a result, his integration into the system of social connections and relationships is called socialization.

So, dear colleagues, it turns out that not so much a person, but the entire human society, as a single whole, is an intelligent being inhabiting the Earth. How can one not recall the thinking and feeling Ocean created by the imagination of a science fiction writer on a distant planet (S. Lem “Solaris”). An impressive, heartfelt image... But there is no need to go far (or rather, fly)! The Intelligent Ocean is you and me. People. Earthlings... Every person is a drop of this Ocean. Its integral part. We do not exist without him, he does not exist without us...

However, all this is common knowledge. Another thing is interesting. If we draw a certain rational principle (and the content of our psyche formed on its basis) from the social environment around us, then why are we so different from each other? The environment is the same for many of us. Why are children sitting at the same desk at school, taught by teachers using the same methods, according to the same program, so different from each other?

Before answering this most important question, let’s look at how personality is formed. The most obvious, although, of course, simplified, analogy that can be used to explain this process would be visiting a store... say, clothes. Imagine a person who decides to dress up. Even if he plans to completely complete his wardrobe - from socks to hats - he still cannot buy up everything that is in the store.

He will choose only what suits his taste, size, shape, and pocket. In short, he will choose clothes that suit his capabilities. Something similar happens in the process of socialization.

I must note, in passing, that the information accumulated by society over millennia of its evolution exists and is passed on from generation to generation, mainly in the form of relatively stable forms filled with specific content - in the form stereotypes.

Take a closer look, colleagues, and you will see that our knowledge, abilities, skills, views, assessments, passions, etc. – there is a certain set of stereotypes. We shape our appearance, improve our health, pay tribute to sanitation and hygiene, solve a wide range of professional problems, get to know others, eat food, express our attitude to global problems, declare our love and engage in it stereotypically. Many generations of people did the same before us. They taught us this. Even if someone tries to be original or, say, fight against generally accepted stereotypes, he also does it in a stereotypical way. Society has stored up stereotypes of original, protest, marginal, and even antisocial behavior just in case. Essentially personality in many ways consists of stereotypes acquired throughout life.

For example, since cave times we have been using stereotypes of protection from blood-sucking insects; in recent decades, stereotypes of counteracting pathogenic bacteria and viruses have spread and taken a stable place in society, but we do not have stereotypes of responding to the movement of molecules in the space around us. We don’t see them, these molecules, they don’t seem to touch us (although, objectively, they play a huge role in our lives), well, therefore, we don’t consider it necessary to react to them behaviorally, to form, accumulate and transmit offspring stereotypes of communication with them.

Thus, stereotypes are stable forms of behavior(in a broad sense, including activities, communication, implemented social attitudes, relationships, values, etc.), conditioned by the natural capabilities of man, allowing them to be used(these same possibilities) optimally, i.e. with the greatest efficiency.

This is the first circumstance.

Secondly, if our behavior - actions, assessments, statements - were purely individual, unique (how many people, so many options), you and I would not be able to understand each other, communication and interaction in society would become impossible.

Now let's go back to the clothing store example. It turns out that the world around us, by integrating into which each of us becomes an individual, is a kind of “ready-to-wear store.” On its shelves, hangers and mannequins there are various colors and styles, but in each homogeneous stylistic range there are stereotypical things.

And again we ask ourselves the question: Why, while assimilating stereotypes, do we nevertheless gain individuality? What exactly is individual?

Let us answer ourselves: The set and combination of stereotypes we have learned and implemented are individual. They are as individual as our capabilities and our life experiences are unique.

Let's talk about it. Since understanding the nature of individuality will be the key to all our subsequent discussions about the character of a person, ways of studying, describing, predicting the behavior of an individual in situations of interest to us, increasing the effectiveness of professional activity, communication and interaction in the social environment.

Imagine, dear colleagues, a sports equipment. A barbell weighing two hundred and fifty kilograms. Question: Is every person able to lift this barbell without assistance and hold it above his head for at least a few seconds?

Answer: Not everyone.

Question two: Is every person capable of solving a mathematical problem of a high level of complexity?

Answer: Not everyone.

Question three: Is everyone capable of rationally arranging their workplace?

Answer: See above...

Meanwhile, there are stereotypes about lifting a barbell, solving mathematical problems, and organizing work. There are people who know these stereotypes professionally and are ready to teach others. What's the matter?

Any driving school instructor will tell you how willingly he undertakes to teach driving to one person, but does not even want to waste time on another due to the complete lack of perspective. Any dance teacher or chemistry professor will proudly name his most capable students and dismiss, from his point of view, mediocrities.

Consequently, not all of the existing stereotypes cultivated in society are accessible to everyone. Some people easily and quickly master the technique of complex physical exercises, some more easily than others adopt a craft that requires patience and precision movements, some like to experience the feeling of intellectual tension, mental games when analyzing chess combinations...

And someone cannot cope with either one, or the other, or the third, but, on the other hand, without much difficulty masters the skills of an operator who controls a complex - multi-level and multi-purpose - automated system and, moreover, paints with watercolors...

During our lives, we fully assimilate (and, therefore, use as tools for adaptation to the social environment) only those stereotypes that our individual capabilities and internal conditions allow us to perceive.

“What are these ‘internal conditions’?” - you ask. I answer: Internal conditions that determine what kind of behavioral stereotypes will be learned by a particular person (individual), and which ones he will not be able to perceive even with intensive training - nothing more than those inherent in him (congenital and / or acquired at the stages of prenatal and infant development ) basic mental and, to some extent, physical qualities.

Science, at least in the person of your humble servant, is not able to speak in more detail and clearly about these internal conditions (I literally see a hail of stones flying at me from the camp of neuropsychologists and psychophysiologists!).

Yes, a lot of literature (including semi-fiction) has been written about the influence of the peculiarities of brain functioning, revealed by neurophysiological methods, on human behavior. However, in my opinion, the most honest and objective researchers say that so far no direct meaningful connections have been found between neurophysiological phenomena (for example, the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex) and psychological (human behavior).

One very respected scientist once – about ten years ago – joked: “Does a person think with his brain?” As far as I know, colleagues, since then there have been no fundamental breakthroughs in this area of knowledge.

Nevertheless, let us remain convinced that a person still thinks with his brain. In fact, these physiological details are not so important for us, since we are not delving into the skull, but studying the patterns of actions. The main thing is to understand that the process of transforming a person (as a biological individual) into a personality does not proceed haphazardly (wherever the curve takes it!), but in accordance with the objectively existing qualities of the psyche, which play a fundamental role. In the future, where necessary and possible, we will try to name these objective qualities - but only in order to better understand how human behavior is formed under their influence.

So, we have come close to defining the main concept of our course - "character". Let us agree (and this will not contradict the generally accepted theoretical approach) to understand the “character” of a person individual style his behavior in the social environment, formed due to selective(thanks to innate, as well as mental qualities acquired in the early stages of life - “internal conditions”) mastering and implementing behavioral stereotypes.

Thus, character is the way an individual adapts to the social environment. The basic principle of character formation is a principle common to the entire material world. minimizing energy costs to exist.

Indeed, out of all the variety of behavioral stereotypes, a person best assimilates and implements those that do not require significant effort from him, are easier than others, and correspond to his “internal conditions” like a “key to a lock.”

Attempts (for example, under the influence of energetic but little-informed educators in psychology) to assimilate other – “alien” – stereotypes are expensive in terms of energy expenditure, and, as a rule, are not successful. It is probably possible, through long, hard training, to achieve decisive behavior from an anxious, timid person... But what will it cost him?! A “surge” of determination will require exhaustive expenditure and, with a high degree of probability, will lead to mental exhaustion and failure of adaptation.

Now, after we have identified the main subject of our study - character, we will try to discuss possible ways to study it, as well as options for the practical application of the knowledge obtained as a result of these studies.

Scientific psychology has been studying character problems for many decades. During this time, many interesting observations have accumulated, attempts have been made to classify and systematize them - a whole series of so-called ones have been created. "typologies" of character. Our task does not include familiarization with existing typologies (allow me, dear colleagues, to increase your erudition on this issue to refer you to the library shelf). We will only note one obvious drawback of most of them, which prevents their full practical use.

This shortcoming is connected (just, for God’s sake, don’t get bored!) with the philosophical problem of the relationship between the individual (inimitable, unique), the special (which distinguishes from others) and the general (which makes him similar to others) in a person.

Yes, each individual person is unique. There has never been and never will be anyone exactly like him (in all details - mental and physical). “The Universe is buried under every gravestone,” said the great Heine. But this does not mean at all that every unique person does not have those qualities that are present in other people.

Of course, they exist - these qualities are common to all of us. Moreover, they are our main human properties - the presence of reason, a social way of life, the “human” structure of the brain, skeleton and internal organs, etc.

The subject of science is always “general”, rarely “special”. While practice deals primarily with the “single”. Not with a person “in general,” but with a specific Ivanov-Petrov-Sidorov. It is here, when transferring theoretical knowledge into the practical sphere, that the condition for making a mistake arises.

Studying character qualities, identifying among them those that are close in origin (according to the “internal conditions” of formation) and combining these homogeneous qualities into groups is not a mistake. Identifying in these homogeneous groups the leading quality(s) that determines the main purpose of this group as a means and method of adaptation to the social environment is not a mistake. Finding similar groups of qualities in different people and building a typology of character on their basis is not a mistake... An attempt to describe the qualities (features, traits) of the character of a particular person, individual, exclusively as a representative of one type or another - a mistake! Since in this case no meaningful boundary is drawn between the “individual” (Ivanov, as a unique phenomenon) and the “general” (Ivanov, as the owner of a number of typical, common to many people, psychological properties, character qualities).

I feel, colleagues, that I have somewhat complicated the explanation. I’ll try to express this idea more simply, more clearly, more clearly.

Since you have probably read or at least heard about the existence of different character types, I will use your knowledge and give an example.

In psychological (scientific and popular) literature, the demonstrative type of character is often mentioned. We are talking about a group of qualities (features) of a person’s character, the main one of which is the desire to be in the center of benevolent, sympathetic attention. In the same literature there is also a definition of, say, an anxious type of character. The main behavioral qualities of this type include, on the contrary, the desire to hide from prying eyes, to evade any (even the slightest) responsibility, etc.

It would be good if the person we were studying - the same Ivanov we loved - with all his behavior corresponded to either a demonstrative or an anxious type. How easy it would be for us to engage in psychological diagnostics - research and description of his character!

But that doesn't happen. Character type is a theoretical model, nothing more. The fact that there are homogeneous (by origin) and interdependent character traits is a fact (and we will actively use this in the future). But the fact that these qualities exhaust the character of a real person is “not a fact.”

What is usually called a character type in the literature is, in fact, a behavioral tendency, from many of which a real character is formed. That is why our Ivanov in life in some cases manifests himself as a representative of the anxious type, and in others - as a representative of the demonstrative type. And in practice we have to study not the type, and not even each individual tendency, but the holistic character of the real Ivanov, born from the active interaction and mutual influence of several tendencies.

How to be? How to “earn our daily bread” in this situation?

Don't be discouraged, colleagues, there is a way! You and I don’t need to reinvent the wheel at all. I’ll say right away that this method is known and used, including in applied psychology, but not yet in full force. So, at least it seems to me. But those who have mastered it really well are... tasters of wines, cocktails, etc.

Many of us, especially those who like to sit in a bar or restaurant (who doesn’t love it, name it?), know how tasty and sophisticated cocktails can sometimes be. We savor them, trying to feel and retain in our memory the amazing, unique taste. At the same time, professional tasters have the opportunity not only to enjoy the cocktail as a whole, but are also able to distinguish its constituent elements and ingredients. Note that it can be distinguished both by quality and by quantity, the proportion of content in a given drink.

Real character is a cocktail. A mixture, a mixture of trends that determine different styles of behavior.

As mentioned above, such tendencies, which are based on objective qualities of the psyche, are usually described in the literature as “character types,” which is not entirely correct from a practical point of view.

It is more correct, in my opinion, to consider them as independent groups of qualities in the structure of real character, homogeneous in origin, i.e. which are based on the same “internal conditions”. In other words, these are qualities that come “from the same root.” Therefore, these groups should be given an appropriate name - radicals(from Latin radix - root).

Thus, the most productive approach to the psychological study (diagnosis) of an individual’s character will be: a) determining the radicals included in it; b) a description of character as a whole, as a result of the interaction and mutual influence of radicals.

I hope the principle is clear. Now let's move closer to technology. In order for a taster to determine the presence and percentage of a particular ingredient in a cocktail, he must have a good knowledge of the properties of this ingredient (primarily its taste) in its pure form. The same is true with radicals. Before starting to study the real character (i.e. the character of a particular person), it is necessary to study the existing typical "pure" radicals.

Yes, exactly typical. Because the same radicals are found in different people, and the list of radicals known to psychologists is not that long.

Many years of experience in solving complex, sometimes unique, problems of practical psychology tells me that in most cases, knowledge is sufficient for a fairly complete description of the character of any person who has become the object of psychodiagnostics seven main radicals.

I would like to pass on this “seven radicals” technique, which was the result of the refraction of the generally accepted theory of character through my own professional experience, to you, dear colleagues.

First, let's name these seven radicals. “Hysteroidal”, “schizoid”, “epileptoid”... Stop! “And this is called psychology?” - you ask, “Did we get there? Hysterical, schizoid... hasn’t this, if I may say so, lecturer decided to take us on an excursion to a madhouse?”

No, dear colleagues. There is no misunderstanding here. The fact is that regular, close, systematic scientific observation of people’s behavior was carried out and is carried out to this day precisely in psychiatric hospitals. It is not idle curiosity, but the urgent need to recognize mental illness, develop a methodology for its treatment, and help a suffering person that forms the basis of such research (By the way, who else is interested in our inner world if not a psychiatrist and pathologist?). Psychiatrists created the first, widely used to this day, classifications of types of behavior (character).

The question arises: Is it legal to transfer the characteristic behavioral features of mentally ill people to healthy people?

Many authoritative, serious experts answer this question in the affirmative. Yes, quite legitimate. The fact is that mental illness does not create some new one, but only modifies the previous character inherent in a person when he was still healthy. The personality resists the disease, adapts to it, using the remaining capabilities. In such a situation, character traits (qualities, properties) become sharpened, emphasized and, as a result, become more accessible to observation and research.

Let's return to the names of radicals. Please note that each of the names we have already listed contains the suffix “id”. Istero eid schizo eid ny, epilepto eid ny... This suffix is borrowed from the Greek language. It means "likeness." Psychiatrists, knowing well how, for example, patients with hysteria behave and observing similar behavior in healthy people, gave it the name “hysterical,” i.e. like hysteria. That's where these names come from. They are entrenched in psychology. Firstly, to understand the essence of the behavioral phenomena they designate, secondly, as a tribute to scientists and doctors who have done a lot to study and describe human character, and thirdly, to make it easier to memorize these names, since exotic words are stored in memory better than the usual ones. We will not give up these names either.

So, the seven main radicals are hysterical, epileptoid, paranoid, emotive, schizoid, hyperthymic and anxious.

I understand your slight bewilderment. Paranoid, emotive, hyperthymic, anxious. These names do not have the beloved “id” suffix in their structure. What's the matter?

The principle of their occurrence, stated above, remains the same. Simply, each name has its own little story. For example, "parano" eid"ny" does not mean "similarity", but the most serious mental illness. Consequently, this name has already been taken by clinicians, and we are forced to use another one - “paranoid” (I suggest in this transcription, and not “paranoid” th yalnyy”, since this last name is also used by psychiatrists for their own purposes)…

Dear colleagues, let me finish the topic of the origin of the names of radicals. I feel that due to my inherent epileptoidism (what this is, you will find out a little later) I am getting more and more bogged down in tertiary details and moving away from the main topic.

We will study each of the seven radicals according to the following scheme:

· General characteristics (we will talk about the “internal conditions” underlying the origin, as well as the basic social meaning of the radical, i.e. the meaning of the behavioral tendency generated by it)

· Appearance (this refers to features of physique, design of appearance and surrounding space, facial expressions and gestures, indicating the presence of a given radical in a person’s character, in other words, specific to this radical).

· Qualities of behavior (it should be said that the productivity of the approach to the study of character through the definition of the radicals included in it is due to another important circumstance.

Radical is a holistic entity, so we can be sure that if the person we are studying clearly displays at least some of the qualities included in a given radical, it means that all other qualities of this radical are also present in the character . They just don’t show themselves in this particular situation. In the “appearance” section, we will thus become acquainted with those qualities of a radical that are especially clearly and clearly manifested externally, and, therefore, are easily accessible to observation. In the section “qualities of behavior” we will get a complete picture of all the behavioral properties of the radical).

· Tasks (the “quality of behavior” section ends with the actual psycho diagnostic stage of studying the radical. Diagnostics, i.e. recognition, ascertaining the presence of certain qualities, essentially ends there. An important stage for practical psychology is approaching - behavior management. I’ll say right away that we will put an exclusively humanistic meaning into this concept. Goethe wrote these wonderful words: “To succeed in life, you need to do what comes easiest to you. But do it with all your might!” Think about it, colleagues, isn’t this what we’ve been talking about from the very beginning? About this, exactly about this! Social adaptation contrary to character, attempts to solve everyday problems in a costly, energy-intensive way worsen the quality of life. Therefore, it is so important to know what kind of problems can be solved relieved in the presence of a given radical in the character, and what tasks become at the same time it's simple impossible. This will be discussed in the “Tasks” section).

· Features of building communication (this section also applies to behavior management. Here we will learn to build the most effective system of communication and interaction with the owner of a particular radical, and avoid gross communication mistakes).

This will end the study of each radical separately and begin the study of real characters (which, as you remember, are a mixture of radicals, and should be considered as the result of their interactions and mutual influences). Figuratively speaking, having studied letters, we learn to read words. First - syllable by syllable, then entirely, penetrating deeper and deeper into their true meaning.

On this optimistic note, allow me to conclude my permitted speeches. But before we part (hopefully before the next lecture), I will ask you, colleagues, a few questions to consolidate the material covered.

Questions and tasks:

1. Define the concepts of “personality”, “socialization”, “character”, “radical”, “behavioural tendency” (if these definitions are not found in the lecture, or, having been found, seem insufficiently complete to you, etc. , try to formulate them yourself, based on the semantic context of what was said. Independence of thinking is the key to the success of a practical psychologist).

2. Remember the names of the seven main radicals. To do this, use one of the mnemonic phrases offered below, in which the names of the radicals we are studying are simply encrypted:

“Truly effective psychodiagnostics is a masterpiece of a brilliant creator”;

“Idiot, this is just basic blackmail, they tell you!”;

“Disappearing echo... The tread of Eros... The rustle of fading shadows...”;

"IEPESHGT".

Choose a phrase you like or come up with a new one yourself. Let this be a small “test” in the course non-test character diagnostics.

Lecture 5. Emotive radical

“Prince Andrei’s room was on the middle floor... He heard a woman talking from above.

“Just one more time,” said a female voice from above, which Prince Andrei now recognized.

- When will you sleep? - answered another voice.

- I won’t, I can’t sleep, what should I do! Well, last time...

- Oh, how lovely! Well, now go to sleep and that's the end.

“You sleep, but I can’t,” answered the first voice... “Sonya!” Sonya! Well, how can you sleep! Look what a beauty it is! Oh, what a delight!.. After all, such a lovely night has never, never happened... No, look what a moon it is!” (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

So much temperament! So much feeling! Natasha Rostova (and the “first voice,” as you remember, colleagues, belongs to her), unlike her friend Sonya, is overwhelmed with emotions. She bathes in them, like in a heady stream, and gets drunk before her eyes. This is not an imitation, not a semi-intuitive desire to charm Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, who at that time “stood behind the fence,” with his behavior. No. These are truly deep and beautiful experiences.

Who are they for? Who is this lucky guy, the darling of fate and the favorite of nature? Of course, the owner of an emotive radical. But first things first.

Transcript

1 Psychotypes: the method of 7 radicals (according to V.V. Ponomarenko) Introduction The basis developed by V.V. Ponomarenko's methods were based on psychologists' observations about the character traits of people. Interestingly, the radicals got their names from terms used in psychiatry that characterize mental personality disorders. It should be remembered that radicals are personality traits in which certain character traits are revealed more strongly than others. This leads to a person’s tendency to use the same behavioral strategies in different situations. The essence of the technique is that by external signs (visual psychodiagnostics) one can determine the components of a radical’s character. Thus, in real time, without the use of tests, you can see the psychological and communicative characteristics of a partner by his behavior, by the manner of constructing communication, and even by the appearance of the interlocutor. 7 radicals, character types: 1. Paranoid (purposeful); 2. Hysterical (demonstrative); 3. Epileptoid (there are 2 types: stuck and excitable); 4. Schizoid (strange); 5. Hyperthymic (cheerful); 6. Emotive (sensitive); 7. Anxious (fearful). 1. Paranoid (purposeful) type Description of radicals Characteristics. These are usually people with a powerful inner core. They live mainly by their idea, fight for it, suffer, defend it. They are not receptive to outside information. They listen only to their own opinion; this often results in a reluctance to listen to others and leads to a desire to avoid problems. People of the paranoid type are strategists, but not tacticians. Their goals are global and their scale is enormous. It is this type of people who stubbornly pursue a goal that would seem unattainable for others. The life of such people is built on principles, which allows them to calmly go over their heads. The basic principle by which they live: “Whoever is not with us is against us.” They tend to lie within the framework of the idea; they consider only the end result important, and to achieve the goal, as we know, all means are good. They are demanding of themselves and others and always evaluate

2 advantages and disadvantages of the interlocutor. Typically, people with paranoid radicals are not sensitive to stress. This is definitely a strong personality type. Clothing: People of the paranoid type are characterized by neatness, a classic style of clothing during work hours, and a “military” style in their free time. Usually in this style there is nothing superfluous, all accessories are in place. Facial expressions: Powerful, confident. Gestures: Wide, chopping, pointing. Such people tend to often break distance with their interlocutor in order to confuse him. Speech: Confident. A mentoring tone is possible. Such people love to talk about topics that only interest them. They are consistent in their presentation (first, second, third) and often use harsh formulations, words and assessments. Recommendations: To achieve mutual understanding with such people, it is recommended to demonstrate your strength (status). In the discussion, make references to laws or opinions of authoritative people. It is worth giving a clear structure of arguments (firstly, secondly, thirdly). An interlocutor with a pronounced paranoid radical will most successfully listen to a powerful, authoritative person than to a subordinate. You can try to show the need for your proposals to solve the global idea of paranoia. Representatives: Hugo Chavez, Fidel Castro. 2. Hysterical (demonstrative) Characteristics. The hysterical radical is distinguished by his desire to please. Such people often consider themselves endowed with the gift of acting. Life for them is a theater, and those around them are spectators. This makes them behave demonstratively and strive to be noticed. In communication one can observe mannerism and excessive talkativeness. Usually hysterics believe in what is said, despite possible unreliability or inconsistency. This is the result of a desire to embellish any story. Such a person uses every opportunity to speak out. This is a weak psychotype. Clothing: Often “provocative”, either bright or with extravagant details, complemented by a lot of jewelry, accessories and thick makeup for women. In men, you can see excessive presence of jewelry, or any other conspicuous details of appearance. For example, a neckerchief, an abundance of rings, etc. Facial expressions: All emotions on the face of people with a predominant hysteroid radical look exaggerated. These are wide smiles, open-mouthed laughter, sadness with tears, universal sorrow. Gestures: Broad, picturesque gestures and accentuated poses predominate. Speech: Emotional and expressive, with dramatic pauses. Recommendations: With such an interlocutor, the best position is to be a listener. A person with a predominant hysterical radical reveals himself more if he pretends to believe the game. If you praise

If you have such an interlocutor, he will make any decision in your favor. To catch someone lying, you just have to ask them to repeat the story. Representatives: Timati, Lolita, Philip Kirkorov Epileptoid (stuck) Characteristics. One of the varieties of people with a predominant epileptoid radical is the stuck epileptoid. This means that, due to his characteristics, such a person does not switch well from one to another. Often these people are systematic, punctual, leisurely, and pragmatic. Preparation is important for them if any decision is to be made. Everything should always be in its place. This category of people is intolerant when someone changes its order. Such people are used to planning and writing everything down. The life principle of a stuck epileptoid is “My home is my fortress.” Contacts are usually poorly established. From the outside it may seem that this is a gloomy or even angry person. Those who get stuck are also extremely picky when choosing friends. However, if such a person called you a friend, he will never betray you and, if necessary, will sacrifice everything for you. The epileptoid loves his job and very rarely changes jobs. His social reference point is family. Facial expressions: The gaze is direct, confident, sometimes it may seem difficult to the interlocutor. Emotional outbursts are rare and insignificant. Gestures: Clear, verified. Speech: Sluggish, slow. Recommendations: A conversation with such an interlocutor is successful if you provide him with a coherent, reasoned system of evidence. The process should take place without fuss and spontaneous manifestations. The epileptoid must see his interest, then your alliance is guaranteed. Representatives: Anthony Hopkins, Nikolai Valuev Epileptoid (excitable) Characteristics. This type of people with a pronounced epileptoid radical defines the category of tough, cruel people. They may play sports or take part in competitive activities. Excitable epileptoids, like stuck ones, are often neat and tidy, and there is a love of hygiene. Such people love short haircuts, short nails, and a sporty style of clothing. They seem to be always ready to fight. You can also notice a love of order and hierarchy, and often cynicism towards others. Such people are blindly faithful to instructions. Excitable people are not picky about the means to achieve goals and easily accuse others, including falsely, as if testing their strength. Unlike stuck epileptoids, these people are unpredictable and impulsive in their decisions. They strive for

4 achieving only your personal goals. Prone to antisocial behavior, alcoholism, drug addiction. This is a strong psychotype. Clothing: An excitable epileptoid is expressed through a sporty style of clothing. Facial expressions: The gaze is direct, aggressive, facial expressions are often small and constrained. Gestures: Heavy, with emphasized participation of muscles (flexes muscles). This is a raw show of force. Speech: Sluggish, slow, harsh. Recommendations: When communicating with this type of people, it is recommended to keep your distance and maintain a hard line without making concessions (otherwise they will immediately begin to push). It is also important to show your importance and authority on the issue of interest. At the same time, it is advisable not to provoke the excitable person into rash actions. Otherwise, the interlocutor may “follow the principle” and it will be difficult to keep the situation under control. The epileptoid will gladly respond to the offer to be friends against. 4. Schizoid (strange) Characteristics. This category of people has their own ideas about reality, their own vision of situations. These are people who have their own personal world, where they themselves decide which laws to obey. They are characterized by creativity without patterns and unpredictable behavior. These are pronounced introverts. Their peculiarity is that they are “Not like everyone else.” They often have an awkward appearance. These are either seemingly fragile people, awkward, sometimes awkward, outwardly angular. The psychotype of such people is weak. Clothes: Their clothes are often inharmonious and may be sloppy. Unlike the hysterical type, schizoids do not have a clear image that they strive to conform to. Facial expressions: A characteristic look, as if past the interlocutor to nowhere. There may be a mismatch in facial expressions and gestures (for example, there is joy on the face, and the fists are clenched). Gestures: Angular and inconsistent, awkward. Speech: Quite highly intellectual, with an abundance of terminology, possibly indicating various sources of information. Recommendations: Given the introverted nature of the psychotype, personal communication is a burden for such people. Schizoid individuals will prefer correspondence communication. If personal contact is necessary, in a conversation with them it is necessary to avoid harsh assessments and direct criticism (schizoids are very touchy). It is better to set tasks based on the final result, and report (if this is the boss) only with specific results achieved. Such a person does not perceive processes. Representatives: Albert Einstein, Mark Zuckerberg.

5 5. Hyperthymic (cheerful) Characteristics. This psychotype characterizes energetic people who love life in all its manifestations. Such people are often optimistic and tend to find positive aspects in any situation. They are happy about everything new and never lose heart. They are happy to make contacts and love to communicate. They are characterized by wit and an adequate sense of humor. Such a person takes on several problems at once and solves them. This psychotype is also distinguished by flexibility and quick switching from one thing to another. Hyperthymic people often prefer extreme recreation. This is a strong psychotype. Clothing: Versatile, comfortable, not restricting movement. Facial expressions: Lively, cheerful, energetic. Gestures: Cheerful, quick. In his movements, hypertim is fidgety, often drops things, bumps into corners and people. Speech: Passionate. Such people may start talking and lose the thread of the conversation, but then unexpectedly return to the topic. Recommendations: Open, free communication with such people is recommended. They always make contact and are prone to excessive trust. Representatives: Jim Carrey 6. Emotive (sensitive) Characteristics. The emotive radical is inherent in the category of people who are distinguished by pronounced kindness. Such people are used to empathizing. In a conversation, they usually listen carefully and show understanding. These are emotionally passive people who like to observe other people’s experiences rather than experience them themselves. Emotives like to watch television programs, films with emotional scenes, and read books that evoke strong emotions. There is a tendency to avoid conflicts, psychosomatic manifestations are possible, which intensify against the background of stress. This is a weak psychotype. Clothes: Soft, pleasant to the touch, concealing movement or simply comfortable. Facial expressions: Weak, uncertain. Such people can be distinguished by the “Wet Eyes” effect. Gestures: Smooth, without angularity, can stroke himself during a conversation. Speech: Quiet. Such people are more willing to listen, they hardly object, and they rarely lie. Recommendations: It is recommended to show equality in communication with such people. It is also important to show signs of trust and try to find common ground. Representatives: Audrey Tautou.

6 7. Anxious (fearful) Characteristics. People with severe radical anxiety are characterized by increased anxiety and constant reinsurance against mistakes. Such people often cannot make decisions themselves. They try to close themselves off from communication and become very worried during contacts. They have their own calming rituals. They are punctual and follow instructions to avoid penalties. These are people who are restrained in their statements and actions. Their principle is “Measure twice, cut once.” This is a weak psychotype. Clothes: Dim, closed. Dark and gray plain fabrics or fabrics with small geometric patterns are preferred. Facial expressions: Weak, uncertain. Gestures: Self-soothing. An anxious person often touches himself and wrings his hands. The postures of such people are constrained, as if in anticipation that they are about to “take off” from their place and run. Speech: Quiet, hesitant. Fear of saying the wrong thing. Recommendations: Such an interlocutor is recommended to show encouraging signs of attention, show trust, praise for any positive statement, and it is better not to criticize unnecessarily. If criticism is necessary, it should be presented in such a way that the opponent understands that there is nothing wrong with the current situation. Also, when communicating with “anxious” subordinates, it is necessary to give the most detailed, precise instructions.

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Method of 7 radicals This method was developed by V.V. Ponomarenko based on the teachings of psychologists about character traits. Radicals got their names from terms used in psychiatry that characterize one or another mental personality disorder. However, radicals, or, as they are also called, accentuations, are only personality traits in which individual character traits are overly enhanced. This leads to a person’s tendency to use the same behavioral strategies in different situations and to choose a more appropriate style of clothing and accessories. The essence of the technique is that by external signs (visual psychodiagnostics) one can determine the components of character - radicals. Thus, in real time, without the use of tests, you can see the psychological and communicative characteristics of a partner by his behavior, by the manner of constructing communication, and even by the appearance of the interlocutor. 7 character radicals: 1. Paranoid (purposeful); 2. Hysterical (demonstrative); 3. Epileptoid (there are 2 types: stuck and excitable); 4. Schizoid (strange); 5. Hyperthymic (cheerful); 6. Emotive (sensitive); 7. Anxious (fearful). Paranoid (purposeful) type. These are usually people with a powerful inner core. They live mainly by their idea, fight for it, suffer, defend it. They are not receptive to outside information. They listen only to their own opinion (“One is mine, the other is wrong...”), this often results in an unwillingness to listen to others and leads to a desire to avoid problems. People of the paranoid type are strategists, but not tacticians. Their goals are global and their scale is enormous. It is this type of people who stubbornly pursue a goal that would seem unattainable for others. The life of such people is built on principles, which allows them to calmly go over their heads. The basic principle by which they live: “Whoever is not with us is against us.” They tend to lie within the framework of the idea; they consider only the end result important, and to achieve the goal, as we know, all means are good. They are demanding of themselves and others and always evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their interlocutor. Typically, people with paranoid radicals are not sensitive to stress. This is definitely a strong personality type. Clothing: People of the paranoid type are characterized by neatness, a classic style of clothing during work hours, and a “military” style in their free time. Usually in this style there is nothing superfluous, all accessories are in place. Facial expressions: Powerful, confident. Gestures: Wide, chopping, pointing. Such people tend to often break distance with their interlocutor in order to confuse him. Speech: Confident. A mentoring tone is possible. Such people love to talk about topics that only interest them. They are consistent in their presentation (firstly, secondly, thirdly...) and often use harsh formulations, words and assessments. Positive communication model: To establish rapport with such people, it is recommended to demonstrate your strength (status). In the discussion, make references to laws or opinions of authoritative people. It is worth giving a clear structure of the arguments (firstly, secondly, thirdly...). An interlocutor with a pronounced paranoid radical will most successfully listen to a powerful, authoritative person than to a subordinate. You can try to show the need for your proposals to solve the global idea of paranoia. Hysterical (demonstrative). The hysterical radical promotes the desire to please. Such people often imagine themselves as having the gift of acting. Life for them is a theater, and those around them are spectators. This makes them behave demonstratively and strive to be noticed. In communication one can observe mannerism and excessive talkativeness. Usually hysterics believe in what is said, despite possible unreliability or inconsistency. This is the result of a desire to embellish any story. Sometimes it’s enough just to listen and the “inconsistencies” will appear on their own. Such a person uses every opportunity to speak out. This is a weak psychotype. Clothing: Often “provocative”, either bright or with extravagant details, complemented by a lot of jewelry, accessories and thick makeup for women. In men, you can see excessive presence of jewelry, or any other conspicuous details of appearance. For example, a neckerchief, an abundance of rings, etc. Facial expressions: All emotions on the face of people with a predominant hysteroid radical look exaggerated. These are wide smiles, open-mouthed laughter, sadness with tears, universal sorrow. Gestures: Broad, picturesque gestures and accentuated poses predominate. Speech: Emotional and expressive, with dramatic pauses. Positive communication model: With such an interlocutor, the best position is to be a listener. A person with a predominant hysterical radical reveals himself more if he pretends to believe the game. If you praise such an interlocutor, he will make any decision in your favor. To catch someone lying, you just have to ask them to repeat the story. Epileptoid (stuck). One of the varieties of people with a predominant epileptoid radical is stuck epileptoid. This means that, due to his characteristics, such a person is rigid and does not switch well from one thing to another. Often these people are systematic, punctual, leisurely, and pragmatic. Preparation is important for them if any decision is to be made. Everything should always be in its place. This category of people is intolerant when someone changes its order. Such people are used to planning and writing everything down. The life principle of a stuck epileptoid is “My home is my fortress.” As a rule, contacts are established poorly by those who are stuck. From the outside it may seem that this is a gloomy or even angry person. Those who get stuck are also extremely picky when choosing friends. However, if such a person called you a friend, he will never betray you and, if necessary, will sacrifice everything for you. The epileptoid loves his job and very rarely changes jobs. His social reference point is family. Facial expressions: The gaze is direct, confident, sometimes it may seem difficult to the interlocutor. Emotional outbursts are rare and insignificant. Gestures: Clear, verified. Speech: Sluggish, slow. Model of positive communication: A conversation with such an interlocutor is successful if you provide him with a coherent, reasoned system of evidence. The process should take place without fuss and spontaneous manifestations. The epileptoid must see “his” interest, then your alliance is guaranteed. Epileptoid (excitable). This type of people with a pronounced epileptoid radical defines the category of tough, cruel people. They may play sports or take part in competitive activities. Excitable epileptoids, like stuck ones, are often neat and tidy, and there is a love of hygiene. Such people love short haircuts, short nails, and a sporty style of clothing. They seem to be always ready to fight. You can also notice a love of order and hierarchy, and often cynicism towards others. Such people are blindly faithful to instructions. Their principle is “I followed the order...”. Excitable people are not picky about the means to achieve goals and easily accuse others, including falsely, as if testing their strength. Unlike stuck epileptoids, these people are unpredictable and impulsive in their decisions. They strive to achieve only their personal goals, and treat everything else according to the principle “Don’t worry about it...”. Prone to antisocial behavior, alcoholism, drug addiction. This is a strong psychotype. Clothing: An excitable epileptoid is expressed through a sporty style of clothing. Facial expressions: The gaze is direct, aggressive, facial expressions are often small and constrained. Gestures: Heavy, with emphasized participation of muscles (flexes muscles). This is a raw show of force. Speech: Sluggish, slow, harsh. Positive communication model: When communicating with this type of people, it is recommended to keep your distance and maintain a hard line without concessions (otherwise they will immediately begin to push). It is also important to show your importance and authority on the issue of interest. At the same time, it is advisable not to provoke the excitable person into rash actions. Or if the interlocutor “breaks down”, the situation will be difficult to keep under control. The epileptoid will gladly respond to the proposal to “be friends against...”. Schizoid (strange). This category of people has their own ideas about reality, their own vision of situations. These are people who have their own personal world, where they themselves decide which laws to obey. They are characterized by creativity without patterns and unpredictable behavior. These are pronounced introverts. Their peculiarity is that they are “Not like everyone else.” They often have an awkward appearance. These are either seemingly fragile people, or awkward, graceful in some places, awkward in others, outwardly angular. The psychotype of such people is weak. Clothing: Their clothes are often inharmonious, may be sloppy and full of unexpected details. Unlike the hysterical type, schizoids do not have a clear “image”. Facial expressions: A characteristic look “past the interlocutor to nowhere...” and possible mismatch of facial expressions and gestures (for example, there is joy on the face, and the fists are clenched). Gestures: Also angular and inconsistent, awkward. Speech: Quite highly intellectual, with an abundance of terminology, possibly indicating various sources of information. Model of positive communication: Given the introverted nature of the psychotype, personal communication is a burden for such people. Schizoid individuals will prefer correspondence communication. If personal contact is necessary, in a conversation with them it is necessary to avoid harsh assessments and direct criticism (schizoids are very touchy). It is better to set tasks based on the final result, and report (if this is the boss) only with specific results achieved. Such a person does not perceive processes. Hyperthymic (cheerful). This psychotype characterizes energetic people who love life in all its manifestations. Such people are often optimistic and tend to find positive aspects in any situation. They are happy about everything new and never lose heart. They are happy to make contacts and love to communicate. They are characterized by wit and an adequate sense of humor. Such a person takes on several problems at once and solves them. This psychotype is also distinguished by flexibility and quick switching from one thing to another. Hyperthymic people often prefer extreme recreation. This is a strong psychotype. Clothing: Versatile, comfortable, not restricting movement. Facial expressions: Lively, cheerful, energetic. Gestures: Cheerful, quick. In his movements, hypertim is fidgety, often drops things, bumps into corners and people. Speech: Passionate. Such people may start talking and lose the thread of the conversation, but then unexpectedly return to the topic. Positive Communication Model: Open, free communication with such people is recommended. They always make contact and are prone to excessive trust. Emotive (sensitive). The emotive radical is inherent in the category of people who are distinguished by pronounced kindness. Such people are used to empathizing. In a conversation, they usually listen carefully and show understanding. These are emotionally passive people who like to observe other people’s experiences rather than experience them themselves. Emotives like to watch television programs, films with emotional scenes, and read books that evoke strong emotions. There is a tendency to avoid conflicts, psychosomatic manifestations are possible, which intensify against the background of stress. This is a weak psychotype. Clothes: Soft, pleasant to the touch, concealing movement or simply comfortable. Facial expressions: Weak, uncertain. Such people can be distinguished by the “Wet Eyes” effect. Gestures: Smooth, without angularity, can stroke himself during a conversation. Speech: Quiet. Such people are more willing to listen, they hardly object, and they rarely lie. Model of positive communication: Congruence and equality in communication are recommended with such people. It is also important to show signs of trust and try to find common ground. Anxious (fearful) People with a pronounced anxious radical are characterized by increased anxiety and constant reinsurance against mistakes. Such people often cannot make decisions themselves. They try to close themselves off from communication and become very worried during contacts. They have their own calming rituals (for example, wiping your feet, spitting over your shoulder, before starting work, they drink coffee every day “to work through it”). They are punctual and follow instructions to avoid penalties. These are people who are restrained in their statements and actions. Their principle is “Measure twice, cut once.” This is a weak psychotype. Clothes: Dim, closed. Dark and gray plain fabrics or fabrics with small geometric patterns are preferred. Facial expressions: Weak, uncertain. Gestures: Self-soothing. An anxious person often touches himself and wrings his hands. The postures of such people are constrained, as if in anticipation that they are about to “take off” from their place and run. Speech: Quiet, hesitant. Fear of saying the wrong thing. Model of positive communication: Such an interlocutor is recommended to show encouraging signs of attention, show trust, praise for any positive statement, and it is better not to criticize unnecessarily. If criticism is necessary, it should be presented in such a way that the opponent understands that there is nothing wrong with the current situation. Also, when communicating with “anxious” subordinates, it is necessary to give the most detailed, precise instructions.

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