The structure of a simple common declarative sentence (ppp). Predicate

In order to clearly and concisely express your thoughts orally or in writing, it is not enough to master such grammatical norms as verb conjugation, case inflection of nouns and adjectives, etc. A German sentence has a clearly organized structure, which at the initial stage of learning may not be clear to non-German speakers.

Before proceeding with the grammatically correct construction of any sentence, it is necessary to determine what the speaker wants to say, that is what sentence will be according to the purpose of the statement:

Narrative– conveys available information to the interlocutor;

Interrogative– the sentence asks a question in order to obtain some information;

Incentive– contains a call from the interlocutor to perform an action.

To clearly understand the structure of a German sentence, the residents of Germany themselves compare it with an orchestra in which conductor is predicate verb. He “sets the tone” for each instrument in the orchestra - a member of the sentence.

In a declarative simple sentence predicate verb always worth in 2nd position. But what comes before it is not at all important. This there doesn't have to be a subject, expressed by a noun or pronoun. To 1st place can be supplied and minor members.

For example:

If used in a sentence compound predicate, then to 2nd place must be placed its changeable part, and its unchangeable part heading off In the end.

There are such variants of the compound predicate:

1. So to speak Modal predicate (this means >> modal verb + semantic).

Eg,

• Wir können heute arbeiten. - We can work today.

! können, can - modal verb./ arbeiten, to work is a semantic verb. !

2. Temporary form(auxiliary verb + semantic).

Eg,

• Ich habe zwei Jahre Deutsch gelern. — I studied German for 2 years.

! haben- auxiliary verb / lernen- semantic verb. !

3. Infinitive construction (verb + verb/infinitive with particle zu or otherwise compound infinitive).

Eg,

• Frau Horst beginnt zu sprechen. Mrs. Horst begins to speak.

! beginnen- verb / zu sprechen- infinitive with particle zu!

• Ich verpreche zu kommen. I promise to come.

! verpreche - verb /zu commen- infinitive with particle zu!

4. Verb phrases(established bundles of words, where there is a verb and a part related to it).

Eg,

Ich Weiß Bescheid. - I am aware of the matter/informed.

! Bescheid wissen- verb phrase!

Frauen legen mehr Wert auf Vertrauen und Loyalität als Männer. — Women place more importance on trust and loyalty than men. / Women value trust and loyalty more than men.

! Wert legen- verb phrase!

5. Verb with a separable prefix.

Eg,

Dominic mast die Augen zu. — Dominic closes his eyes.

! zu machen - to close- verb with a separate attachment!

It is worth mentioning separately about those parts of speech that are located between the components of a complex predicate.

This part of the sentence in German sounds like Mittelfeld. The words in this segment cannot be arranged in any way; they also obey certain rules:

Pronouns are always placed before nouns, no matter what case they are in.

For example:

• Linda hat ihm mein Auto geliehen! — Linda lent him my car!
• Helga hat mir diese Uhr geschenkt. — Helga gave me this watch.

Several nouns following one after another are arranged according to cases - Nominativ, Dativ, Akkusativ, Genetiv.

For example:

• Heute hat meine Mutter (Nom.) mir (Dat.) etwas besonderes (A) gekauft. — Today my mother bought me something special.

Several pronouns in a row are also arranged according to cases: Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ.

For example:

• Heute hat sie(N) es(A) mir (D) gekauft. — Today she bought this for me.

Such a part of a sentence as a circumstance in the German text is located according to the rule TEKAMOLO. What does it mean? TE (or temporal) means time, KA (or kausal) is the cause, MO (or modal) means the manner of action, LO (or lokal) is the place. In other words, first the circumstances will be named that answer the questions “how long/when/how often?”, then – for what reason?/why?, the next place – how?/how?, and the final position – where?/where? /from where?.

For example:

• Wir fahren morgen ( temporal) mit dem Zug ( modal) nach Frankreich ( local). — Tomorrow we will go by train to France.
• Sven wurde gestern ( T.E.) wegen einer Infektion ( K.A.) schnell ( M.O.) ins Krankenhaus ( L.O.) gebracht. — Yesterday Sven was quickly rushed to the hospital due to an infection.

Nouns used with definite articles are placed before nouns with articles in a simple declarative sentence. ein, eine.

For example:

• Ich habe dem Sohn meiner Tante ein Hemd gekauft. — I bought a shirt for my aunt’s son.
• Kimmi hat den Eltern ein neues Café empfohlen. — Kimmy recommended a new cafe to her parents.

An indirect object, consisting of an object and a preposition, is placed before a direct object, requiring Dativ and Akkusativ.

For example:

• Die Mutter hat ihrer Tochter (D) ein neues Kleid (A) aus Baumwolle (Präposition/preposition + D) genäht. — Mom sewed a cotton dress for her daughter.

Circumstances, if any, are usually placed between the additions.

For example:

Du musst dir unbedingt diese serie anschauen! - You should definitely watch this series!

Ich danke Ihnen herzlich für Ihre Glückwünsche, juhuuu! - I sincerely thank you for your congratulations, yuuuu!

When studying the question of the structure of a German sentence, one cannot help but touch upon the construction of a complex sentence.

Complex sentence and its structure

A sentence consisting of two or more stems (subject + predicate) is called complex. In German, as in Russian, such sentences are divided into two types:

Compounds, in which simple sentences are connected by conjunctions aber and und. The arrangement of words in them is traditional;

For example:

Ich fliege nach Spanien und meine Kinder bleiben zu Hause (natürlich mit Oma haha). — I'm flying to Spain, and my children are staying at home (with their grandmother, of course, haha).

Ich habe Magdalena eingeladen, aber sie ist nicht gekommen. — I invited Magdalena, but she didn’t come.

Complex subordinates - consisting of 2 parts: main - Hauptsatz, and subordinate - Nebensatz. In the main part, the arrangement of words should be straight. As for the subordinate part, it has a reverse word order - the verb is placed at the end.

For example:

Markuss ist nicht zu meiner Geburtstagsparty gekommen, obwohl ich ihn eingeladen habe (verb at the end).— Marcus didn’t come to my birthday, even though I invited him.

2. Interrogative sentence

Question sentences in German speech are divided into two categories:

Are common— imply a specific “yes/no” answer;

Special , in the structure of which there must be a question word.

On a general issue The inflected part of the predicate verb should be in the 1st position, the subject in the 2nd position, then the remaining members of the sentence. If the predicate is complex, its unchangeable part is placed at the end of the question.

For example:

Kommt Helena Morgen? — Will Helena come tomorrow?

Magst Du Heine nicht? -You don't like Heine?

Hat Erik dir mein Buch gegeben? — Eric gave you my book?

Special interrogative sentences start with question words. The second position in the structure is occupied by the predicate, designated by the verb, followed by the subject (noun or pronoun) and all remaining minor members.

For example:

Wann hat Erik dir mein Buch gegeben? — When Eric gave you my book?

Wem gehört diese Kaffeetasse? — Whose belongs to this coffee cup?

Warum commst du so früh? — Why are you coming so early?

3. Incentive offer

The purpose of uttering an incentive sentence is a call to perform some action. As a rule, in German, incentive sentences are formulated in the Imperativ mood. A peculiarity of the structure is the fact that the predicate-verb is placed in the 1st position, and an exclamation mark is placed at the end instead of a period. When pronounced, the exclamation is highlighted by voice. There may be no subject in this type of sentence. If it exists, it is placed after the predicate.

For example:

Komm! - Come!

Schließ bitte die Tür! - Please close the door!

Zeig mir bitte das Foto! - Show me the photo, please!

That's all for now 😉

Structure of a simple extended declarative sentence (SDE).

Formal features and ways of expressing the subject and predicate.

Direct and reverse order of words in a sentence.

The basis of the grammatical structure and logical content of the PPPP is formed by the main members of the sentence - subject and predicate, they are supplemented by secondary members of the sentence - addition, definition, circumstance, for example:

subject predicate adverbial object complement

Die Firma liefert heute dem Kunden die Ware nicht. -

The company does not deliver goods to the customer today.

Formal features and ways of expressing the subject.

The subject is the person (object) performing the action, or the person (object) undergoing the action. The subject answers the questions who? or what? and can appear in the 1st or 3rd place in a German sentence, for example:

Most often, the subject can be expressed by a noun (for example, die Firma) or a personal pronoun (ich, du, er, sie (she), es, wir, ihr, sie (they), Sie (you) in the nominative case. Also subject can be expressed by other parts of speech:

If the subject is expressed by a noun with a definition, then we should talk about the group of the subject, for example:

Formal features and ways of expressing the predicate.

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which expresses an action associated with the subject and answers the questions What does the object (person) do? What's happening to him? What is he like? What is he? The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number.

The predicate can be: simple verbal (expressed by one verb), compound verbal (consists of several verbs) and compound nominal (consists of a linking verb and a nominal part).

The predicate in a German sentence always comes in second place. If there is a compound verbal predicate in a sentence, then its variable part is in second place, and the unchangeable part is in last place.

In the second place (the variable part of the predicate) there may be:

a) semantic verbs (reisen, wohnen, studieren):

Viele Touristen reisen über Leipzig nach Berlin.

b) auxiliary verbs (haben, werden, sein):

Maiers haben den Mietvertrag unterschrieben. Sie sind schon ausgezogen. Herr Maier wird die neue Stellung wahrscheinlich bekommen.

c) modal verbs (können, dürfen, wollen, sollen, müYaen, mögen):

Herr Müller will ein Haus bauen. Er muI lange sparen. Der Architekt soll ihm einen Plan für einen Bungalow machen.

d) verbs stehen, lassen, bleiben, helfen, hören, lehren, used as part of complex verbs with Infinitiv:

Er bleibt bei der Begräung sitzen.

In the last place (unchangeable part) there may be:

a) indefinite form of the verb - infinitive (lernen, kommen, gehen):

Nach dem Unfall muYaten wir zu FuYa nach Hause gehen. Ich werde dich nicht vergessen.

b) participle II (gegangen, gelernt, gekommen):

Der Verküfer hat einen günstigen Preis geboten. Ich wurde im Unterricht viel gefragt.

c) complex form of the infinitive of the active voice (gelernt haben, gekommen sein):

Sie wird ihre Becher ganz sicher mitgenommen haben.

d) complex form of the infinitive of the passive voice (gelernt werden, ьbersetzt werden)

Der Vertrag wird ins Deutsche übersetzt werden.

c) separable verb prefix:

Die Studenten geben die Prüfungen ab. Füllen Sie bitte die Zolldeklaration aus!

Direct and reverse word order in PPPP.

As you already know, a sentence contains main members - subject and predicate, and secondary ones - object, definition and circumstance. The place of the subject and predicate in the German language is strictly regulated.

The predicate (a simple verbal predicate or an inflected part of a compound verbal predicate) always comes in 2nd place! The subject can be in 1st or 3rd place.

In direct word order, the subject comes first, the predicate comes second, followed by the rest of the sentence. When the order of words is reversed, the secondary member of the sentence (usually the adverb of time or place) is placed in first place, the predicate is usually in second place, the subject is in third place, then the rest of the minor members of the sentence.

In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf. Russian sentence "I'm glad" and German "Ich bin froh". The second feature of the German predicate is the constant place of the predicate and its parts in various types of sentences. The predicate with additions and circumstances forms a group predicate.

There are the following types of predicate:

1) verbal predicate;

2) predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase;

3) nominal predicate.

Verb predicate.

Simple verb predicate consists of one verb in any form of tense, voice and mood: Ich lese. - I am reading. Ich las.- I read. Ich werde lesen. - I will read. Ich habe gelesen. - I read. Dieses Buch wild viel gelesen. - This book is read a lot.

There are two types of compound verb predicate:

a) A complex verbal predicate consists of a verb with a specific meaning (expressing the beginning, end, repetition of an action) and the infinitive of a significant verb used with zu : Er began zu sprechen. - He spoke. He started talking. Er pflegt früh aufzustehen. - He tends to get up early. Es hörte auf zu regnen. - The rain is over.

b) A complex verbal predicate consists of a modal verb ( können, dürfen, müssen etc.) or a modal verb ( scheinen, brauchen etc.) and the infinitive of the significant verb; with modal verbs the infinitive is used without a particle zu , with modal verbs with a particle zu : Er muß arbeiten.- It must work. Er braucht heute nicht zu kommen. - He doesn’t have to come today.

c) A complex verbal predicate consists of verbs haben And sein and the infinitive of the significant verb used with zu- : Ich habe Ihnen viel zu sagen. - I have a lot to tell you. Der Text ist zu übersetzen. - The text can (needs) be translated.

The use of modal verbs to express the meaning of possibility, necessity, desire). Verb können means an opportunity available due to certain conditions: Es regnet nicht mehr, er kann nach Hause gehen. - There is no more rain, he can (he can) go home. Es regnet, er kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - It's raining, he can't go home. Es regnet nicht mehr, man kann nach Hause gehen. - It’s not raining anymore, you can go home. Es regnet, man kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - It's raining, you can't go home. Können also means “to be able to”: Ich kann Schach spielen. - I can play chess.

Verb durfen means a possibility that exists due to someone's permission. For example, in sentences containing permission, prohibition, order: Sie dürfen hier nicht bleiben! - You shouldn't stay here! You can't stay here. You are not allowed to stay here. Man darf hier nicht rauchen! - You can't smoke here. Smoking is not allowed here!

Dürfen often used in interrogative sentences that ask for permission to do something: Darf ich nach Hause gehen? -Can I go home? Can I go home? Can I go home? Darf man hier rauchen? - Is it possible to smoke here? Is smoking allowed here?

Verb mussen has the meaning “should” (due to objective necessity or belief): Es ist spät, er muß nach Hause gehen. - It's late, he has to go home. It's late, he needs (he needs, he needs) to go home. Es ist spät, man muß nach Hause gehen. - It’s late, I need (need) to go home.

With denial mussen almost never used; instead of mussen a verb with a modal meaning is used brauchen - need to: Sie brauchen morgen nicht zu kommen. - You don't need to come tomorrow. Wed: Sie müssen morgen kommen. - You need to come tomorrow.

Verb sollen has the meaning “must” (by virtue of someone’s order, instruction, etc.): Er soll bleiben.- He must stay. Let him stay. Er soll nicht bleiben. - He shouldn't stay. Sollen often used in interrogative sentences that ask about the need to do something: Sollen wir hier bleiben? - Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Soll man bleiben? Need to stay? Stay?

Please note that Russian one-part sentences with “can”, “cannot”, “need”, etc. + infinitive in German always correspond to two-part sentences (i.e. sentences with a subject and predicate): Can I go? - Darf ich gehen? I have to go. - Ich muß gehen. You can't leave! - Man darf nicht gehen.

Also, Russian one-part sentences with an infinitive in German correspond to two-part sentences: Transfer? - Soll ich übersetzen? Sollen wir übersetzen? Soll man übersetzen? Should I read? - Soll ich lesen? They don't understand this. - Das können sie nicht verstehen.

Verb wollen means desire or intention: Er will das wissen.- He wants to know. Am Abend wollen wir ins Theater gehen. - In the evening we are going (want, intend) to go to the theater . Wollen Wollen wir nach Hause gehen! Let's go home! Let's go home!(Cf. the use of the 1st person plural imperative. Gehen wir nach Hause! - Let's go home! Let's go home).

Verb wollen may have a weakened modal meaning; in this case the combination wollen with the infinitive close in meaning to futurum: Ich will alles tun, was ich kann. - I will do everything, What Can.

Verb mögen has two main meanings:

a) mögen means “let, must; Maybe": Er mag morgen kommen. - Let him come tomorrow. (He should come tomorrow.)(Wed: also use mögen in this meaning in subordinate clauses containing indirect speech).

6) mögen means “to want, to desire”, in this meaning mögen used in the preterite conjunctiva: Ich möchte Sie etwas fragen. - I would like to ask you something. I want to ask you something. I want to ask you something.

Verb lassen - ließ - gelassen used as a modal verb in two ways:

a) lassen vt has the meaning of “command, ask, force”: Der Dekan läßt Sie morgen kommen.- The Dean tells you (asks you) to come tomorrow. Der Lektor läßt uns viel lesen. - The teacher makes us read a lot.

Pay attention to compliance lassen Russian "let": Lassen Sie ihn sprechen. - Let him speak. In this case, the following option is also used in Russian: Lassen Sie ihn sprechen. - Let him talk. Lassen Sie mich sprechen. - Let me tell you.

Besides this verb lassen is part of the following expressions: sich (Dat.) etw. nähen lassen - sew something for yourself. (or: give to yourself What -l. sew): Ich lasse mir ein neues Kleid nähen.- I am sewing myself a new dress. I let them sew me a new dress. etw. reparieren fassen - to give for repairs: Er ließ seine Uhr reparieren. - He gave his watch to be repaired, sich (Akk.) rasieren lassen - shave (at the barbershop): Er läßt sich immer hier rasieren. - He always shaves here.

Lassen also used in incentive sentences: Laß(t) uns nach Hause gehen! - Let's go home, (cf.: the use of the modal verb in the same meaning wollen ).

b) lassen sich - has the meaning of opportunity (i.e. is a synonym können ): Das läßt sich machen.- It can be done. Das läßt sich nicht machen. - This cannot be done. Dieser Text läßt sich leicht übersetzen. - This text is easy to translate.

Verb combination lassen with another verb when translated into Russian is often indecomposable, i.e. its meaning is not derived from the sum of the meanings of these two semantic verbs (for example: Er laßt uns viel lesen.- He forces us a lot read ), but has another Russian equivalent, in which the meaning lassen not directly reflected, for example: mit sich reden lassen - to be accommodating, sich (Dat.) etwas gefallen lassen - to endure, endure smth.. In the dictionary, the translation of such combinations into Russian should be found in the dictionary entry for lassen . Lassen can also form a complex verb with other verbs: fallenlassen - to drop.

Modal verbs are more often used in simple tense forms than in complex ones; this is how the preterite is used more often , than perfect. Modal verbs können, mögen, dürfen (the latter in the form of preterite conjunctiva durfte ), müssen, sollen And wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, can be used to express various types of assumptions; In this meaning, modal verbs are translated into Russian as follows:

A) können, mögen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, are translated into Russian with the words “perhaps, maybe, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Er kann (mag) nach Hause gegangen sein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he went home. Er kann (mag) krank sein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he is sick.

However, when translating an interrogative sentence, “perhaps, maybe”, etc. are usually omitted: Wann kann (mag) er nach Hause gegangen sein? - When did he go home? (When could he go home?).

b) durfen in the preterite conjunctiva (i.e. in the form durfte ) in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “apparently, apparently, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Er dürfte schon nach Hause gegangen sein. - He apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) has already gone home. Er dürfte krank sein. - He is apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) sick.

(If there is a negation, it is also possible to translate the words “hardly”: Das dürfte nicht richtig sein. - This is hardly correct.)

However, when translating an interrogative sentence “apparently, apparently”, etc. usually omitted: Dürfte es richtig sein? -It's right? Dürfte er sich geirrt haben? - Was he wrong?

V) mussen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “it must be, probably, very likely, obviously” and the personal form of the verb: Er muß nach Hause gegangen sein. - He must have (probably, very likely, obviously) gone home. Er muß krank sein. - He must be (probably, very likely, obviously) sick.

G) sollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “they say, report”, etc. and the following subordinate clause: Er soll nach Hause gegangen sein. - They say he went home. Er soll krank sein. - They say he is sick. Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben. - They report that the delegation has already left Moscow.

The specified combination can also be translated into Russian with the words “according to information, according to reports,” etc. and the personal form of the verb. Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben.- According to available information, the delegation has already left Moscow. Sollen in the above meaning can be used in a sentence in which it is already clear from the context that someone else’s words are being conveyed: Es wird gemeldet, die Delegation soll nach Kiew gefahren sein. - They report that the delegation has left for Kyiv.

d) wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “he claims”, “he says” and a subsequent subordinate clause, which may contain the word “supposedly”: Er (sie) will selbst dabei gewesen sein. - He (she) claims that he (allegedly) was present at the same time.

Verbs haben And sein can also be used in a modal meaning in special phrases:

1) haben + zu + The infinitive, as a rule, has the meaning of obligation, necessity: Ich habe noch zu arbeiten. - I have to (I need) to work more. Wir haben noch eine Stunde zu fahren. - We (need) to go for another hour. Ich hatte noch zu arbeiten. - I had (I needed) to work more.

Synonym of combination haben + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mussen And sollen with infinitive: Ich habe noch zu arbeiten. = Ich muß (soll) noch arbeiten.

Less often haben + zu + the infinitive has the meaning of possibility: Er hat nichts zu sagen.- He can’t say anything. He has nothing to say. Er hat viel zu berichten. - He can tell you a lot. He has something to report.

2) sein + zu + The infinitive expresses, depending on the context: a) the meaning of obligation, necessity, b) the meaning of possibility; combination sein + zu + the infinitive has a passive meaning.

A) Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen.- The invoice must be paid immediately. The bill must be paid immediately. Die Rechnung war gleich zu bezahlen. - The bill had to be paid immediately. Die Versammlung ist von allen zu besuchen. - Everyone must come to the meeting.

b) Das ist leicht zu tun. - It (can) be done easily. Diese alte Maschine ist nicht mehr zu benutzen. - This old machine can no longer be used. Das war leicht zu tun. - It (could) be easy to do.

Synonyms for sein + zu + infinitive are modal verbs müssen, sollen, können with the passive infinitive: Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen. = Die Rechnung muß (soll) gleich bezahlt werden. - The bill must be paid immediately. Das ist leicht zu tun. = Das kann leicht getan werden.- It (can) be done easily.

Translation into Russian of verbs with modal meaning: glauben, scheinen, suchen, verstehen, wissen . These verbs are called modal verbs because... Unlike modal verbs, their main meaning is not modal. So, for example, the main meaning suchen "to seek" and its modal meaning is "to try".

With the infinitive of another verb, they acquire a modal meaning and are translated as follows:

1) glauben – seem (+ object in dat. case): Ich glaube Sie zu kennen. - It seems to me that I know you. Er glaubte diesen Mann zu kennen. - It seemed to him that he knew this man. Er glaubt alles verstanden zu haben. - He thought he understood everything.

2) scheinen - seem: Er scheint diesen Mann zu kennen. - He seems to know this man. Er schien diesen Mann zu kennen. - It seemed (that) he knew this man. Er scheint, alles vergessen zu haben. - It seems (that) he forgot everything. Er scheint klug (zu sein). - He seems smart.

3) suchen - try, try: Er sucht uns zu helfen. - He is trying (trying) to help us. Er suchte uns zu überzeugen. - He tried (tried) to convince us.

4) verstehen - be able to: Er versteht zu überzeugen. - He knows how to convince.

5) wissen - be able to, be able to: Er weiß zu schweigen. - He knows how to remain silent. Er weiß zu überzeugen. - He knows how to convince. Ich weiß Ihnen nicht zu helfen. - I can not help you.

In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf. Russian sentence "I'm glad" and German "Ich binfroh". The second feature of the German predicate is the constant place of the predicate and its parts in various types of sentences. The predicate with additions and circumstances forms a group predicate.

There are the following types of predicate:

1) verbal predicate;

2) predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase;

3) nominal predicate.

Verb predicate.

Simple verb predicate consists of one verb in any form of tense, voice and mood: Ich lese. - I am reading.Ichlas. - I read.Ichwerdelesen. - I will read.Ich habe gelesen. - Iread. Dieses Buch wild viel gelesen. - Thisbooka lot ofread.

There are two types of compound verb predicate:

a) A complex verbal predicate consists of a verb with a specific meaning (expressing the beginning, end, repetition of an action) and the infinitive of a significant verb used with zu : Erbegannzusprechen. - He spoke. He started talking.Erpflegtfrühaufzustehen. - He tends to get up early.Eshörteaufzuregnen. - The rain is over.

b) A compound verb predicate consists of a modal verb ( kö nnen, du rfen, mu ssen etc.) or a modal verb ( scheinen, brauchen etc.) and the infinitive of the significant verb; with modal verbs the infinitive is used without a particle zu , with modal verbs with a particle zu : Ermußarbeiten.- It should work.Erbrauchtheutenothingzucommen. - He doesn’t have to come today.

c) A complex verbal predicate consists of verbs haben And sein and the infinitive of the significant verb used with zu- : IchhabeIhnenvielzusagen. - I have a lot to tell you.DerTextistzu übersetzen. - The text can (needs) be translated.

The use of modal verbs to express the meaning of possibility, necessity, desire). Verb kö nnen means an opportunity available due to certain conditions: Esregnetnothingmehr,erkannnachHousegehen. - There is no more rain, he can (he can) go home.Es regnet, er kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - Comingrain, HeNotMaybegohome. Es regnet nicht mehr, man kann nach Hause gehen. - RainpainsheNo, Cangohome. Es regnet, man kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - Comingrain, it is forbiddengohome. Kö nnen also means “to be able to”: IchkannSchachspielen. - I can play chess.

Verb durfen means a possibility that exists due to someone's permission. For example, in sentences containing permission, prohibition, order: Siedurfenhiernothingbleiben! - You shouldn't stay here! You can't stay here. You are not allowed to stay here.Mandarfhiernothingrauchen! - You can't smoke here. Smoking is not allowed here!

Dü rfen often used in interrogative sentences that ask for permission to do something: DarfichnachHousegehen? -Can I go home? Can I go home? Can I go home?Darfmanhierrauchen? - Is it possible to smoke here? Is smoking allowed here?

Verb mu ssen has the meaning “should” (due to objective necessity or belief): Esistspat,ermußnachHousegehen. - It's late, he has to go home. It's late, he needs (he needs, he needs) to go home.Es ist spät, man muß nach Hause gehen. - Late, need to(Notbypassed) gohome.

With denial mussen almost never used; instead of mussen a verb with a modal meaning is used brauchen - need to: Sie brauchen morgen nicht zu kommen. -To youno needTomorrowcome. Wed:Siemussenmorgencommen. - You need to come tomorrow.

Verb sollen has the meaning “must” (by virtue of someone’s order, instruction, etc.): Ersollbleiben.- He must stay. Let him stay.Ersollnothingbleiben. - He shouldn't stay. Sollen often used in interrogative sentences that ask about the need to do something: Sollenwirhierbleiben? - Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Should we stay here?Sollmanbleiben? Need to stay? Stay?

Please note that Russian one-part sentences with “can”, “cannot”, “need”, etc. + infinitive in German always correspond to two-part sentences (i.e. sentences with a subject and predicate): Can I go? -Darfichgehen? To meneed togo. - Ich muß gehen. It is forbiddenleave! - Man darf nicht gehen.

Also, Russian one-part sentences with an infinitive in German correspond to two-part sentences: Transfer? -Sollich übersetzen?Sollen wir übersetzen? Soll man übersetzen? To meread? - Soll ich lesen? They don't understand this. -Daskönnensienothingverstehen.

Verb wollen means desire or intention: Erwilldaswissen.- He wants to know.AmAbendwollenwirinsTheatergehen. - In the evening we are going (want, intend) to go to the theater . Wollen WollenwirnachHousegehen! Let's go home! Let's go home!(Cf. the use of the 1st person plural imperative. GehenwirnachHause! - Let's go home! Let's go home).

Verb wollen may have a weakened modal meaning; in this case the combination wollen with the infinitive close in meaning to futurum: Ichwill allestun,wasichkann. - I will do everything, What Can.

Verb mö gen has two main meanings:

a) mögen means “let, must; Maybe": Ermagmorgencommen. - Let him come tomorrow. (He should come tomorrow.)(Wed: also use mö gen in this meaning in subordinate clauses containing indirect speech).

6) mö gen means “to want, to desire”, in this meaning mö gen used in the preterite conjunctiva: IchmöchteSieetwasfragen. - I would like to ask you something. I want to ask you something. I want to ask you something.

Verb lassen - ließ - gelassen used as a modal verb in two ways:

a) lassen vt has the meaning of “command, ask, force”: DerDekanläßtSiemorgenkommen.- The dean tells you (asks you) to come tomorrow.DerLecturerläßtunsviellesen. - The teacher makes us read a lot.

Pay attention to compliance lassen Russian "let": LassenSieihnsprechen. - Let him speak. In this case, the following option is also used in Russian:LassenSieihnsprechen. - Let him talk.LassenSiemichsprechen. - Let me tell you.

Besides this verb lassen is part of the following expressions: sich (Dat.)etw.nähenlassen - sew something for yourself.(or: giveto myself What -l . sew): Ich lasse mir ein neues Kleid nähen.- II sewto myselfnewdress. Igave it awaysewto myselfnewdress. etw. reparieren fassen - to give awayVrepair: Er ließ seine Uhr reparieren. - HegavetheirwatchVrepair, sich (Akk.) rasieren lassen - shave(Vhairdresser): Er läßt sich immer hier rasieren. - HeshavesAlwaysHere.

Lassen also used in incentive sentences: Laß(t)unsnachHousegehen! - Let's go home, (cf.: the use of the modal verb in the same meaning wollen ).

b) lassen sich - has the meaning of opportunity (i.e. is a synonym kö nnen ): Dasläßtsichmachen.- It can be done.Das läßt sich nicht machen. - Thisit is forbiddendo. Dieser Text läßt sich leicht übersetzen. - Thistexteasilyrelead.

Verb combination lassen with another verb when translated into Russian is often indecomposable, i.e. its meaning is not derived from the sum of the meanings of these two semantic verbs (for example: Erlaß t unsviellesen.- He forces us a lot read ), but has another Russian equivalent, in which the meaning lassen not directly reflected, for example: mitsichredenlassen - to be accommodating,sich (Dat.)etwasgefallenlassen - endure, endure something. In the dictionary, the translation of such combinations into Russian should be found in the dictionary entry for lassen . Lassen can also form a complex verb with other verbs: fallenlassen - to drop.

Modal verbs are more often used in simple tense forms than in complex ones; this is how the preterite is used more often , than perfect. Modal verbs kö nnen, mö gen, du rfen (the latter in the form of preterite conjunctiva du rfte ), mu ssen, sollen And wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, can be used to express various types of assumptions; In this meaning, modal verbs are translated into Russian as follows:

A) kö nnen, mö gen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, are translated into Russian with the words “perhaps, maybe, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Erkann (mag)nachHousegegangensein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he went home.Erkann (mag)kranksein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he is sick.

However, when translating an interrogative sentence, “perhaps, maybe”, etc. are usually omitted: Wannkann (mag)ernachHousegegangensein? - When did he go home? (When could he go home?).

b) du rfen in the preterite conjunctiva (i.e. in the form du rfte ) in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “apparently, apparently, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: ErdurfteschonnachHousegegangensein. - He apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) has already gone home.Erdurftekranksein. - He is apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) sick.

(If there is a negation, it is also possible to translate the words “hardly”: Dasdurftenothingrichtigsein. - This is hardly correct.)

However, when translating an interrogative sentence “apparently, apparently”, etc. usually omitted: Dü rfte es richtig sein? -It's right? Dü rfte er sich geirrt haben? - Was he wrong?

V) mu ssen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “it must be, probably, very likely, obviously” and the personal form of the verb: ErmußnachHousegegangensein. - He must have (probably, very likely, obviously) gone home.Ermußkranksein. - He must be (probably, very likely, obviously) sick.

G) sollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “they say, report”, etc. and the following subordinate clause: ErsollnachHousegegangensein. - They say he went home.Ersollkranksein. - They say he is sick.Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben. - Report, WhatdelegationalreadyleftfromMoscow.

The specified combination can also be translated into Russian with the words “according to information, according to reports,” etc. and the personal form of the verb. DieDelegationsollMoscowschonverlassenhaben.- According to available information, the delegation has already left Moscow.Sollen in the above meaning can be used in a sentence in which it is already clear from the context that someone else’s words are being conveyed: EswildGemeldet,dieDelegationsollnachKiewgefahrensein. - They report that the delegation has left for Kyiv.

d) wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “he claims”, “he says” and a subsequent subordinate clause, which may contain the word “supposedly”: Er(sie)willselbstdabeigewesensein. - He (she) claims that he (allegedly) was present at the same time.

Verbs haben And sein can also be used in a modal meaning in special phrases:

1) haben + zu + The infinitive, as a rule, has the meaning of obligation, necessity: Ichhabenightzuarbeiten. - I have to (I need) to work more.Wir haben noch eine Stunde zu fahren. - Us(need to) drivemorehour. Ichhattenightzuarbeiten. - I had (I needed) to work more.

Synonym of combination haben + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mu ssen And sollen with infinitive: Ichhabenightzuarbeiten.= Ich muß (soll) noch arbeiten.

Less often haben + zu + the infinitive has the meaning of possibility: Er hat nichts zu sagen.-He can't say anything. He has nothing to say.Erhatvielzuberichten. - He can tell you a lot. He has something to report.

2) sein + zu + The infinitive expresses, depending on the context: a) the meaning of obligation, necessity, b) the meaning of possibility; combination sein + zu + the infinitive has a passive meaning.

A) Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen.- The bill must be paid immediately. Checkneed toimmediatelysamepay. Die Rechnung war gleich zu bezahlen. - Checkneed towasimmediatelysamepay. Die Versammlung ist von allen zu besuchen. - OnmeetingoweuscomeAll.

b) Das ist leicht zu tun. -This(Can) easilydo. Diese alte Maschine ist nicht mehr zu benutzen. - ThisoldcarNotMaybebemoreused. Daswarleichtzutun. - It (could) be easy to do.

Synonyms for sein + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mu ssen, solen, kö nnen with the passive infinitive: DieRechnungistgleichzubezahlen.= Die Rechnung muß (soll) gleich bezahlt werden. - Checknecessaryimmediatelysamepay. Das ist leicht zu tun. = Das kann leicht getan werden.-It (can be) easily done.

Translation into Russian of verbs with modal meaning: glauben, scheinen, suchen, verstehen, wissen . These verbs are called modal verbs because... Unlike modal verbs, their main meaning is not modal. So, for example, the main meaning suchen "to seek" and its modal meaning is "to try".

With the infinitive of another verb, they acquire a modal meaning and are translated as follows:

1) glauben – seem (+ object in dat. case): IchglaubeSiezuKennen. - It seems to me that I know you.ErglaubtediesenMannzuKennen. - It seemed to him that he knew this man.Erglaubtallesverstandenzuhaben. - He thought he understood everything.

2) scheinen - seem: ErscheintdiesenMannzuKennen. - He seems to know this man.Erschien diesenMannzuKennen. - It seemed (that) he knew this man.Erscheint,allesvergessenzuhaben. - It seems (that) he forgot everything.Erscheintklug(zusein). - He seems smart.

3) suchen - try, try: Ersuchtunszuhelfen. - He is trying (trying) to help us.Er suchte uns zu überzeugen. - Hetried(had tried) usubebaby.

4) verstehen - be able to: Er versteht zu überzeugen. -Hecanconvince.

5) wissen - be able to, be able to: Er weiß zu schweigen. -Hecankeep silent. Er weiß zu überzeugen. - Hecanconvince. Ich weiß Ihnen nicht zu helfen. - INotCanto youhelp.

A predicate expressed by a stable verb phrase.

Stable verbal phrases consist of a verb and a noun or adjective (less often an adverb); stable verb phrases are equivalent in meaning to the verb, for example: Platznehmen =sichsetzen (to sit down),zumAusdruckbringen =ausdrucken (to express).

The arrangement of the parts of the predicate, expressed by a stable phrase, is the same as that of separable verbs: Wirnehmen immerdortPlatz. - We always sit there. Comp.: Die Versammlung findet in diesem Horsaal stat.- Meetingwill take placeVthisaudience.

Understanding sentences with a predicate expressed by a stable verb phrase often causes difficulties, since sometimes not the entire stable phrase, but only the verb, is taken as the predicate. Compare, for example, the following sentence: Der Autor brachte diese Idee in folgenden Worten zum Ausdruck. Even if you know each word of this sentence separately, but do not take into account the fact that the predicate is expressed in a stable phrase, translation is impossible. Only by defining the predicate can you correctly translate this sentence: DerAuthorbrachte dieseIdeainfolgendenWortenzum Ausdruck. (derAuthor – subject,brachtezumAusdruck - predicate) (zumAusdruckbringen - to express). - Author expressed this idea in the following words.

The predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase, occurs very often. The most common types of stable phrases that act as a predicate are the following:

1) verb + noun (mostly with a preposition): jmdn.inEmpfangnehmen - to meet, accept someone;zumAusdruckkommen - express yourself in something, find expression in something;zuEndebringen - to bring to the end;jmdm.EtwaszurKentnisbringen - to bring something to someone's attention;einenEindruckmachen - to make an impression;Abschiednehmenvon (Dat.)- saying goodbye;keinEndenehmen - not to stop etc.

2) verb+ adjective: etwasrückgängigmachen - to cancel something;esweitbringen - to achieve a lot;jmdn.aufetwasaufmerksammachen - to draw someone's attention to something;sichbemerkbarmachen - to attract attention; make yourself known etc.

3) verb+ adverb (which is a fusion of a preposition with a noun): zutagetreten - to appear, to appear, to manifest;zugrundelegen - to put something at the basis of something;zugrundegehen - to perish;zustandekommen - to be carried out.

Other subgroups of this type are less numerous, but the principle of analysis and translation of combinations is the same. Such phrases, as can be seen from the examples, can be translated into Russian by a verb or a phrase of a similar form in the Russian language.

The range of verbs that form the above phrases is small: bringen, commen, liegen, legen, machen, nehmen, setzen, trten and some others; as part of a phrase, these verbs lose their original lexical meaning and become lexically incomplete. The main lexical meaning is carried by a noun, adjective, adverb. In the dictionary, the translation of these phrases should be looked for in the entry of the corresponding noun, adjective, adverb (although in most dictionaries, combinations of this kind are also placed in the entry of the corresponding verb, i.e. twice).

Nominal predicate

A nominal predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part, which in German grammar is called a predicate.

The linking verbs are sein, werden, bleiben, heißen : Die Vorlesung ist interessant. -Lectureinteresting. Er wird Lehrer.- He will be a teacher.WirbleibenFreunde. - We will remain (remain) friends.ErheißtOlegPetrow. - His name is Oleg Petrov.

The predicatives most often are nouns, adjectives, participles II of transitive verbs, less often - pronouns, numerals and adverbs.

1) The predicate expressed by a noun is in the nominative (answers the question wer? was? ): DasisteinLehrbuch. - This is a textbook.Das ist ein Student. - Thisstudent. Er ist Student. - Hestudent.

The predicate usually has an indefinite or zero article, but: DasistderStudentPetrow. - This is student Petrov.

Please note that in Russian a predicative noun can be in the instrumental case: “He was a student,” but in German only in the nominative: ErwarStudent.

A noun with a preposition can also act as a predicate: DieserBriefistfurdenDekan. - This letter is for the dean.DasModellistausMetall. - Metal model.

2) A predicate expressed by an adjective always stands in an unchangeable form (answers the question wie? ): IchbinschonGesund. - I'm already healthy.Sie ist schon gesund. - Shealreadyhealthy. Sie sind schon gesund. - Theyalreadyhealthy.

3) The predicate, expressed by participle II of transitive verbs, also stands in an unchangeable form: DerTextistinsRussian übersetzt. - The text has been translated into Russian.Die Texte sind ins Russische übersetzt. - TextstranslatedonRussianlanguage.

In some grammars the combination sein + participle II from transitive verbs is called passive state, or cabinet.

4) The predicate can be expressed by a pronoun in the nominative: Dasbinich.- It's me; numeral: Wirsindvier. - We are a party of four; adverb: Jetztistallesanders. - Now everything is different.

5) In any sentence, except for a subordinate clause, if the linking verb is used in the present or preterite, the predicative is at the end of the sentence: EristjetztStudent. - He's a student now.Früher war er Arbeiter. - EarlierHewasworkers. Sie ist schon alt. - Shealreadyold.

If the linking verb is in a complex tense form, then the predicate comes before the participle or infinitive: ErwildIngenieursein. - He will be an engineer.EristjetztIngenieurgeworden.- He has now become an engineer.Er ist vor kurzem krank gewesen. - RecentlyHewasis ill.

A special case is the location of phrases with wie And als when comparing: Eristebensoaltwieich.- He is as old as me.Er ist älter als ich. - Heolder, howI. Diese Arbeit wird schwieriger sein als die erste. - ThisJobwillmore difficultfirst.

6) A nominal predicate may contain a modal verb: Erwillstarksein. - He wants to be strong.ErkannLehrerwerden. - He can become a teacher.

After studying the material in this lesson, you will be able to:

• ask your interlocutor about his profession
• talk about your profession
• find out about the marital status of the interlocutor
• ask where your interlocutor works

Learn words and expressions for dialogue

was you What; who (by profession)	Was sind Sie? What is your occupation)?
der Beruf rem y: f profession	Das ist mein Beruf. This is my profession.
Was sind Sie von Beruf? What is your profession?	Ich bin Sekretärin von Beruf. I am a secretary by profession.
der Ingenieur ingénie e: A engineer	Er ist Ingenieur von Beruf. He is an engineer by profession.
arbeiten A rbyten work	Wo arbeiten Sie? Where do you work?
verheiratet feah A yra:tet married; married	Er (Sie) ist verheiratet. He (She) is married.
ledig l e: dikh idle; unmarried	Er (Sie) ist ledig. He (She) is single.
der Arzt a:(r)ts doctor	Sind Sie Arzt? You are a doctor?
der Arbeiter A RBYTE worker	Manfred ist Arbeiter. Manfred is a worker.
der Chemiker X e:mika chemist	Ich bin Chemiker. I'm a chemist.
der Dolmetscher d O lmecha translator (oral)	Wo ist Dolmetscher? Where is the translator?
der Journalist magazine And st journalist	Sind Sie Journalist von Beruf? Are you a journalist by profession?
die Krankenschwester nurse	Helga ist Krankenschwester. Helga is a nurse.
der Lehrer l e: ra teacher	Was sind Sie?-Ich bin Lehrer. Who are you? - I'm a teacher.
der Techniker T uh hnika technician	Er ist Techniker von Beruf. He is a technician by profession.
der Bauer b A y(a/er) peasant	Thomas ist Bauer. Thomas is a peasant.

Pay attention to the form and use of words

If the question word wer used when asking about the last name (first name) of a stranger (see lesson 2, lesson 1), then the word was used when they want to ask about a person’s profession:

Wer ist das? Who This? - Das ist Frau Müller.
Was ist this? Who is she (by profession)? - Sie ist Sekretärin.

Was sind Sie von Beruf? is a stable phrase, and von Beruf in both the question and the answer it always comes last. You can also use the short form (see point 1); in this case von Beruf omitted:

Was sind Sie von Beruf? - Ich bin Ingenieur von Beruf.
Was sind Sie? - Ich bin Ingenieur.

Adjectives ledig And verheiratet are used in German regardless of the gender of the noun, i.e. whether they refer to a man or a woman, and are translated into Russian as follows:

ledig single, unmarried
verheiratet married, married.

Remember the following word formation method (2)

der Arbeiter + in = die Arbeiter in
der Chemiker + in = die Chemiker in
der Dolmetscher + in = die Dolmetscher in

Practice reading individual words

Was sind Sie von Beruf?

H.	Was sind Sie von Beruf, Herr Smirnow?	vas zint zi: von bär y: f, har smirnof?
S.	Ich bin Ingenieur und arbeite in Wolgograd.	Ih bin ingénie e: and unt A rbyte in O benefit.
H.	Sind Sie verheiratet?	zint zi: feah A yratet?
S.	Nein, ich bin nicht verheiratet. Ich bin ledig. Und Sie, Herr Hansen?	nain, ikh bin nikht feah A yratet. ihy bin l e: dikh. unt zi:, har hanzen?
H.	Ich bin 40 Jahre alt und verheiratet. Ich bin auch Ingenieur von Beruf.	ih bin f And rtsikh ya: re alt unt feah A yratet. ich bin auh ingénie e: a von rehr y: f.
S.	Wo arbeiten Sie?	in: A rbyten zi:?
H.	Ich arbeite in Berlin.	ugh A rbyte in be(r)li:n.

Grammar explanations

In German, as in Russian, the predicate can be expressed not only by a verb, for example: Ich wohne in Berlin. Er kommt aus Leipzig, etc., but also with a linking verb bin, ist, sind+ adjective or noun that comes at the end of a sentence:

Herr Meier ist Ingenieur. Ich bin verheiratet.

In this case, nouns denoting professions are used, as a rule, without an article. In some cases, the linking verb may not be repeated, for example,

Ich bin 20 Jahre alt und noch ledig.

Are you already familiar with verb endings? 1 1st and 3rd person singular and plural (see. lesson 1, lesson 3). If the stem of the verb ends in -t, -d, -n, then in the 3rd person singular, between the base of the verb and the ending is inserted -e:

er wohnt, er kommt, But: er arbeit e t

Union und“and”, “a” can connect both homogeneous members of a sentence and entire sentences:

Ich wohne und arbeite in Berlin.
Ich bin Ingenieur und(ich) arbeite in Wolgograd.

Nouns denoting masculine professions can be formed by adding a suffix -in, and sometimes umlaut (rewording) of the names of the corresponding professions of the feminine gender. In this case, the emphasis in the word does not change:

der Journalist
der Lehrer
der Arzt
der Bauer

- die Journalist in
- die Lehrer in
- die Ä rzt in
- die B ä uer in

Types of predicate

Simple verb predicate: one verb

Max arbeitet in Dresden

Max works in Dresden.

Complex verb predicate: two verbs

Darf ich vorstellen?

Allow me to introduce?

Nominal predicate: linking verb + noun or adjective

Er ist Ingenieur. Er ist ledig.

He engineer. He idle.

Predicate expressed by a phrase: linking verb + other part of speech

Thomas ist Arzt von Beruf.

Thomas by profession doctor.

1. You are interested in the profession of your interlocutor. Ask a relevant question. Answer if you were asked the same.

2. You are asked about your marital status (profession). Answer the question. Ask your interlocutor about the same.

3. Your friend and his wife have the same professions. Talk about it.

4. You didn’t hear what was said to you. Ask again.