Structure and functions of human skin. Open Library - open library of educational information Anatomy and physiology of the skin

The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, the skin itself, or dermis, and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

The epidermis includes epithelial cells that have a different structure. In the lowest layer, which is called the germinal or basal layer, cell division continuously occurs, replacing the dying cells of the epidermis. The germinal layer contains pigment, the amount of which determines the color of the skin. Brunettes have more pigment in the germinal layer than blondes.

Above the germinal layer there is an awl-shaped layer, built from several rows of cubic and diamond-shaped cells. Above the styloid layer is the granular layer, consisting of one or more layers of rhomboid cells. On the palms and soles, the granular layer is thickened and has 4-5 rows of cells.

The germinal, subulate and granular layers are collectively called the Malpighian layer.

Above the granular layer there is a shiny layer, which has 2-3 rows of flat cells; it is well developed on the palms and soles, but it is almost absent on the red border of the lips and on the foreskin of the penis.

"Manual for cosmetologists and massage therapists"
under the general editorship of prof. V.Ya. Arutyunova

Skin section (diagram) I - epidermis; II - the skin itself; III - subcutaneous fatty tissue: 1st Meissner corpuscle; 2 - hair; 3-musculus arrecto g plli; 4 - Vater-Pacini corpuscle; 5 - sweat gland; 6 - hair papilla; 7 - hair follicle; 8 - deep network of blood vessels; 9 - elastic fibers; 10 - collagen…

The skin itself is divided into two layers. Directly below the epidermis is the papillary layer, consisting of small finger-shaped papillae, the sizes and shapes of which are not the same everywhere: they are large on the palms and soles, less pronounced on the face and torso. The reticularis - the second layer of the skin itself - is located below the papillary, it is penetrated by collagen, elastic and other fibers that are the supporting...

The skin has a large number of nerve endings, many of them at the border of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue, in the subpapillary and papillary layers; the terminal branches of the nerve plexus in some places reach the epidermis. Sweat glands The skin is equipped with a large number of sweat glands, there are many of them on the palms and soles, they are not on the red border of the lips and on the mucous membranes of the genitals. Sweat glands are...

Hair can be long, bristly and vellus. Long hair grows on the scalp, chin, pubis, and armpits; in the external auditory canal, on the eyelids, in the nose - bristly. Vellus hair is present on almost the entire skin. The hair is located in the hair follicle, the outer part of the follicle is expanded (follicular funnel); the deep part of it in the form of a dome-shaped indentation is located...

The skin is one of the most important human organs; it performs essential functions. The role of the skin as a sensory organ is important. The skin is equipped with numerous nerve endings that perceive various irritations: temperature, pain, mechanical, chemical, etc. Nerve receptors are connected to the central nervous system. Heat causes dilation of skin vessels and redness of the skin, cold causes constriction of skin vessels and as a result...

The skin takes a large part in the general metabolism of the body. In addition, the skin produces bactericidal substances, as a result of which a significant part of the microbes that come into contact with the skin die on its surface. Various immune bodies are constantly formed in the skin. If vitamin, hormonal, protein, water, salt and other types of metabolism are disrupted, certain rashes may appear on the skin; V…

Primary elements Spot - a limited change in skin color without disturbing its relief, the size of a pinhead or more; inflammatory spots with arterial hyperemia are bright red, with venous hyperemia they are bluish-purple. Roseola (a type of spot) appears due to mild, limited inflammation and is pink or red in color. Erythema is a large red spot, the result of diffuse inflammation of the skin. Hemorrhagic spots (purpura)…

The node is a spherical or ovoid, tubercle-like formation, the size of a hazelnut or more, with a massive and very diverse cellular infiltrate at its base. With regression, the node may disappear, followed by skin atrophy; in some cases, the node ulcerates and, healing, leaves a scar. A blister is a limited elevation of the skin, ranging in size from a poppy seed to a pea, that occurs…

Cracks are skin defects usually in natural folds: in the area of ​​the corners of the mouth, anus, in the spaces between the fingers. The cracks have a linear shape and sometimes bleed. An ulcer is a deep skin defect. It can involve the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and sometimes bones. A scar is the result of defects affecting, to one degree or another, the skin itself or the underlying tissue. Scars usually repeat...

How are the structure and functions of the skin related? What significance does it have in the life of each of us? Leather is a unique fabric. Only here can we discover such a strong network of collagen fibers that it is almost impossible to break it without the use of machines and mechanisms that create great pressure. The skin protects us from harmful radiation, from overly intense sunlight, from cuts, bruises, frostbite and burns. Find out more about this amazing organ, unlike any other.

Structure and functions of the epidermis

Anatomical structure of the epidermis, histological structure - layers: spinous, basal, granular and others. The main properties of the epidermis, allowing it to effectively protect the underlying tissue. The epidermis is the layer of human skin in direct contact with objects of the external environment. By its nature, the epidermis is...

Structure and functions of the dermis (skin itself)

The dermis is the main part of the skin, giving it strength, elasticity and the ability to withstand significant pressure and stretching. The dermis is made up of connective tissue. There are two main layers in it: papillary...

Subcutaneous fatty tissue: structure and main functions

Fatty tissue is the layer located immediately under the skin (dermis). In this place, the fatty tissue is abundantly permeated with collagen fibers emanating from the reticular layer of the skin, which form a huge network here...

Skin appendages: what are they?

What organs are appendages of the skin, what tissue do they consist of, what functions do they perform? Skin appendages include...

Paths and methods of blood supply to the skin

It would be wrong to assume that the skin (as an organ) is not supplied with blood. On the contrary, there are a huge number of blood vessels in the skin. However, they are not distributed quite evenly. The skin contains several circulatory systems...

Skin receptor apparatus: microscopic structure

With the help of the skin, a person perceives many signals coming from the external environment. Receptor nerve formations, found in abundance in all layers of the skin, perform the function of perceiving the stimulus and transmitting it further to the central nervous system. Receptor apparatus...

Physiology of the skin

The skin performs a huge number of vital functions, each of which ensures the viability of the entire organism, as well as protection from external influences and overly active irritants, heat retention, perception of pressure and pain...

Skin anatomy

In order to help your skin recover quickly, you must first study its structure, types and functions. Therefore, let's look at the structure of the skin in more detail.

So, let us repeat: the skin is the largest organ of the human body. Judge for yourself: its area is about 2 m2 for an adult. It consists of 3 main layers, each of which plays a very important role in preserving and maintaining the health of our entire outer layer, and their average thickness is only 1.25 mm!

After 45 years, warts and horny growths often appear on the skin. Do not try to remove them yourself: seek help from a dermatologist or cosmetologist. Until you get rid of these skin formations, refuse massage and any other cosmetic procedures.

The topmost layer is epidermis- covered with a water-fat lubricant, which protects the skin from drying out, sudden fluctuations in air temperature, and prevents toxic substances from entering the body and infections. The pigment melanin located in the epidermis determines the color of the skin and hair; it also protects tissues from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays. Epidermal cells completely change over a period of 10 to 30 days, depending on the area of ​​the skin. At the same time, its uppermost stratum corneum peels off.

The epidermis does not have its own blood supply, so all processes in it occur through the basement membrane, which is the boundary between the epidermis and dermis.

Dermis- the next layer of skin - contains collagen and elastin fibers in its structure. They give the skin elasticity and firmness. During life, collagen fibers are renewed and re-synthesized. Elastin fibers are not restored, so with age, human skin becomes sluggish and flabby.

Subcutaneous tissue- The third layer of skin is formed from connective tissue and fat cells. It's only missing on the eyelids. It is present in very small quantities in the nose area and on the red border of the lips. Under the fiber there is a muscle layer (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Skin structure: 1 - epidermis, 2 - dermis; 3 - subcutaneous tissue

Of course, one cannot help but say about skin appendages. These are hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands. The secretions of the sebaceous and sweat glands form a protective water-fat lubricant, which is easily washed off with soapy water and is restored only after 3-4 hours. The largest sebaceous and sweat glands are located in the forehead, nose, and chin. The skin prevents foreign bodies and toxins from entering the body, protects it from damage during a fall, and from the dangerous effects of radiation. In addition, it contains nerve endings, thanks to which we are capable of touch. Heat transfer occurs through the skin, protecting us from overheating. Through the sebaceous and sweat glands, waste and toxins are removed from the body. And of course, the most important thing in our case is that the skin easily absorbs various substances. We will use this quality in the fight against age-related changes.

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The skin is the outer protective covering of the body, a complex organ that carries out and regulates the interaction of the body with the environment. In an adult, the skin surface is 1.5-2 sq.m. Skin mass makes up 5% of total body weight.

The skin consists of 3 main layers:
a) epidermis
b) dermis or skin itself (connective middle layer)
c) hypodermis (subcutaneous layer formed by adipose and connective tissue)
The thickness of the skin varies in different areas: the thinnest on the eyelids is 0.3 mm; the thickest on the palms and soles - up to 1.5 mm.

Epidermis
It looks like a narrow strip, but actually consists of 5 layers. The epidermis contains epithelial cells that have a varied structure and arrangement.
The lowest layer is the germinal or basal layer, where cell reproduction constantly occurs. There is also the pigment melanin, which determines skin color.
Above it is the spinous (or subulate) layer, consisting of one or more rows of cells. Between the processes of these cells, gaps form; lymph flows through them - a liquid that carries nutrients into the cells and carries away waste products.
Next comes the granular layer, consisting of one or more rows of cells.
Above it is a shiny layer, consisting of 3-4 rows of cells, well developed on the palms and soles, almost absent on the red border of the lips.
The most superficial layer - the horny or keratin layer - consists of several dozen layers of anucleate flat keratinized cells. It is dense, elastic, poorly conducts heat and electricity, protects the skin from injury, burns, moisture, and chemicals.
The surface film (water-fat mantle) covering the stratum corneum, composed of waste products of the epithelium, sebaceous and sweat glands, ensures the elasticity of the skin. It has a slightly acidic reaction (pH 4.5 - 5.5). It is by the condition of the lipid film that the skin type is assessed and the nature of the cosmetic procedures performed is determined.
The life cycle of development and renewal of the epidermis is 26-28 days.

Dermis or skin itself.
The dermis consists of 2 layers: papillary (various receptors and a dense network of capillaries are located here) and reticular. It is in the dermis that the sweat, sebaceous glands and hair are located. Here are the collagen and elastic fibers that make up the supporting structure of the skin and are responsible for the firmness and elasticity of the skin.

Hypodermis
Hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer formed by adipose and connective tissue. In the hypodermis there are lipocytes - cells filled with fat. Protects the body from bruises and hypothermia.
The dermis and hypodermis contain blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve endings.

Functions of the skin.

Protective - protects the body from external influences: physical (touch, blows, injections, cooling, etc.), chemical (chemical substances), biological (microorganisms), ultraviolet radiation.
thermoregulatory - thanks to it the body maintains a constant temperature.
excretory - sweat and sebaceous secretion.
respiratory and gas exchange - absorption of oxygen from the air and release of carbon dioxide.
sense organ
metabolic - participates in water, salt, vitamin, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism.
protective-immune

The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, the skin itself, or dermis, and subcutaneous fat (Fig. 8).

Epidermis contains epithelial cells having a varied structure and location. In its lowest layer - the germinal, or basal, cells constantly multiply. It also contains pigment, the amount of which determines the color of the skin.

Above the germinal layer is the spinous layer, consisting of several rows of multifaceted cells. Above the spinous layer is a granular layer, consisting of one or several rows of irregularly shaped cells. On the palms and soles the granular layer is thicker and has 4-5 rows of cells.

8. Skin structure (diagram). I - epidermis, II - skin itself, III - subcutaneous fatty tissue; 1 - nerve receptors, 2 - hair, 3 - muscle that lifts the hair, 4 - sweat gland, 5 - hair papilla, 6 - hair follicle, 7 - sebaceous gland, 8 - blood vessels.

The germinal, spinous and granular layers are collectively called the Malpighian layer. Above the granular layer there is a shiny layer, consisting of 3-4 rows of cells. It is well developed on the palms and soles, but is almost absent on the red border of the lips. The stratum corneum is the most superficial, it is formed from cells devoid of nuclei. The cells of this layer peel off easily. The stratum corneum is dense, elastic, poorly conducts heat and electricity, and protects the skin from injury, burns, cold, moisture, and chemicals. The stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin is of particular importance when applying various cosmetic procedures and hygienic and cosmetic care.

Many cosmetic procedures are based on the peeling process, promoting increased rejection of the most superficial stratum corneum of the epidermis, for example, when removing freckles, age spots, etc.

The skin itself is divided into 2 layers - papillary and reticular. It contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that make up the skin frame.

Subcutaneous fatty tissue in different parts of the body has unequal thickness: on the stomach, buttocks, and palms it is well developed; on the ears and red border of the lips it is very weakly expressed. In obese people, the skin is inactive; in thin and emaciated people, it easily shifts. Fat reserves are deposited in the subcutaneous tissue, which are used up during illness or other unfavorable cases. Subcutaneous tissue protects the body from bruises and hypothermia. In the skin itself and subcutaneous tissue there are blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and muscles.

Arterial vessels in the skin form superficial and deep networks. The first is located at the level of the base of the skin papillae; the second is at the border of the skin itself and subcutaneous tissue. The superficial arterial network connects to the deep one.

Epidermal cells are nourished by lymph penetrating from the skin itself. The skin has a large number of nerve endings.

Sweat glands are found in large numbers on the skin of the palms and soles, and forehead. They are not on the red border of the lips. Sweat glands are divided into eccrine and apocrine. When the eccrine glands function, the secretory cells remain intact, but during the secretion of apocrine glands, the cells separate particles of protoplasm. Apocrine glands are larger in size, there are many of them in the armpits, in the genital area, inguinal folds, anus, and around the nipples. Sweat glands belong to the tubular glands; their secretory part is located in the skin itself and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the form of glomeruli. The excretory ducts, twisting like a corkscrew in the epidermis, open in the stratum corneum as a sweat pore. They are located unevenly in the skin. There are especially many of them in the face, palms, feet, axillary and groin areas, in the folds under the mammary glands, in the chest, back. Sweating plays a big role in thermoregulation. Sweating and evaporation occur continuously at any temperature. Every day at average temperature a person loses up to 80 ml of sweat.