Tables of Hebrew verbs with Russian transcription. Self-study Hebrew for free

And now let's get acquainted with the FUTURE TIME of the PAAL breed.

In the future tenseyou should start from the infinitive. Do you want to say something in the future tense? Remember the infinitive right away.

In our case, it is LIKHTOV.

Let’s not go deeper into the weeds and write about the original Hebrew infinitive, which has little in common with our established understanding of the initial form of the verb. Initially, the infinitive in Hebrew denotes a noun of action (writing, closing, washing, etc...), and the letter ל, with which all infinitives begin, was later added to the infinitive, and denotes the well-known preposition le-, that is, the preposition to, and is an additional part of the infinitive. It turns out that the pure infinitive is htov כתוב. That is, in the word to write it looks like this: לכתוב LICHTOV.

So, this is the part of HTOV that we will need for support in the education of the future tense.

Do you want to say: “I will write”? Then add the letter “E” א to “KHTOV” in front and you get E KHTOV.

ANI EKHTOV - אני אכתוב - I will write (m.b. and f.b.)

You will write (m.s.) - ATA TI+KHTOV -TI KHTOV - אתה ת כתוב

You will write (female) - AT TI+KHTEVI -TI XTEV AND - את ת כתב י

He will write - hu I+KHTOV - IHTOV - הואי כתוב

She will write - hi and TI + KHTOV - TIKHTOV - היא ת כתוב

We will write - ANAHNU NI+KHTOV - NI KHTOV - אנחנו נ כתוב (hint: In the past tense, “well” came after the root, and in the future N comes before the root)

You write (M.B. and F.B.) - ATEM/ATEN TI+HTEVU -TI HTEV U- אתם/אתן ת כתב ו

They will write (m.b. and f.b.) - hem/hen IH+TEVU - AND KHTEVU - הם/הן י כתבו (hint: he will write - ichtov - he is the 3rd person, they are also the 3rd person person, plural number only, therefore, in the third person there should be a “th” in front).

NOTE!

You (m.p.) and she - the verbs are no different!

NOTE!
To say in the imperative mood: “Write!”

In Hebrew, the future tense is used, and literally it will be: “You will write!” And if “Write!”, then

"You will write!". Above, all 3 imperative moods are italicized and underlined for convenience.
Imperative mood

In a simple conversational style
the imperative mood in Classical Biñan Paal is not used “TIHTOV”, but simply “KTOV!”
We take the infinitive, cut off the first LAMED (LI KHTOV). We get KTOV!

It is more beautiful and correct to use “TIKHTOV” in the imperative mood - write!
This is a literary, classical, literate style.

"TIHTEVI!" - WRITE! (TO WOMAN)
"TIHTEWU!" - WRITE! (MN.H)

Bo! - come (colloquial style)
Tavo! - come over (classic style)

Leh! - go away! (colloquial style)
TELEH! - go away (classic style)

NOTE!

Participles in Hebrew are sometimes indicated by the present tense. That is: I WRITE, WRITE, WRITE, can be translated as: writing, writing.

You know all three tenses and can fully tell everything you want about yourself, using all the other Paal verbs according to the template.

Now about short participles, which are similar to adverbs:

WRITTEN - U A - kA tU in

WRITTEN - according to the same principle: ktU va (emphasis on the last syllable)

WRITTEN (M.R.) - IM U - ktU vim (emphasis on the last syllable)

כתוב,כתובה, כתובים, כתובות

WRITTEN (J.R.) - according to the same principle: ktU here (emphasis on the last syllable).

Note.

In the plural, do not confuse the pronunciation: CT

U vim, ktU here and ko twim, ko tvot.

Do not confuse them under any circumstances, remember the location of the vowels right away! An adverb and a present tense verb are different from each other.

And don't get confused: CT

U va (written) and ka twa (she wrote).

Now you know EVERYTHING. =)
What is a verb?

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action.

Hebrew verbs are divided into 7 groups. These groups are called Binyans [binyanIm].

בִּינִיַן – [binYan] – building, structure

Therefore, we have 7 “buildings” of verbs. Why do we need as many as 7 different structures-buildings-conjugations? The fact is that each binyan has special structural and semantic characteristics. There are 3 binyans for active verbs (, paal Piel And Ifil ), 3 for passive actions (, nifal Piel poile Ufal ) and 1 returnable binyan ().

itpael

To learn the conjugation of verbs in Hebrew, it is enough to learn how one verb is conjugated.

This will help you not to cram all the verbs, but to conjugate all the verbs of Binyan according to a single pattern that is inherent in Binyan. It will not be necessary to memorize all the verbs of a given binyan, since they change according to the same system. Well, also learn the infinitive and translation into Russian!

Pay attention to the relationships paal-nifa'al, piel-po'al, ifil-uf'al. Itpael is on its own, but it is also often associated with other binyans (if we form forms from the same root).

• To write [likhtOV לכתוב] (paal) – To be written [leikatEv להיכתב] (nif'al)
• Close [lisgor לסגור] (paal) – Close/be closed [leisagEr להיסגר] (niphal)
• Tell [lesapEr לספר] (piel) – Told [supAr סופר] (poile)
• Arrange [lesadEr לסדר] (piel) – Ordered [sudAr סודר] (pual)
• Invite [leazmIn להזמין] (if'il) - Invited [uzmAn הוזמן] (uf'al)
• Explain [leasbIr להסביר] (if'il) - Explained [usbAr הוסבר] (uf'al)
• Correspond [leitkatEv להיתכתב] (itpael)
• Hiding [leistagEr להיסתגר] (itpael)
• Coping [leistadEr להיסתדר] (itpael)

Now that you have an idea of ​​the types of Hebrew verbs, let's move on to a more detailed consideration of them.

Let's talk about the infinitive. An infinitive is a form of a verb that answers the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”.
All infinitives in Hebrew begin with ל.

For example, the verb לכתוב – to write (letters, book, etc.) (likhtov), ​​groups בִּנייָן פָּעַל

The most important and unchanging part of verbs is the root. The roots in all parts of Hebrew speech, in the overwhelming majority, consist of 3 letters. A root is an unchanging part of a word.

In the verb לכתוב the root is כתב [kaf, tav, vet]. Note that the letter “vav”, standing in the middle of the root, is not included in it; recently they began to write it for convenience, since earlier, instead of it, it was customary to place the vowel of the letter “o”, related to the letter “tav”: לכת˙ב

So, the root כתב is the main and unchanging part of the verb. Knowing the root of a verb, you can easily form all conjugations from it. But there is no need to specifically isolate the root in Hebrew verbs, because the 3rd person masculine in the past tense (HE WROTE) shows a PURE ROOT.

EXAMPLE:
לכתוב write [likhtov]
כתב he wrote [katAv]

Pay attention to how verbs are indicated in dictionaries. The infinitive of the verb is indicated first, and then the 3rd person masculine in the past tense, because [HE “DID SOMETHING”] is a very important form. And this form will be your reference at first.

We moved on to study Binyan Paal. An extremely important Binyan, since all verbs of this breed are actively used in Hebrew. Knowing them, you will automatically know the Biñans Itpael and Nifal.

Let's learn how to form the past tense. Table 1 will help us with this.

Table 1. Past tense. Verb לכתוב (READ TABLES FROM RIGHT TO LEFT)

We see that pronominal endings highlighted in red are added to the root “katav”. They are also very easy to remember. If “Ani” ends in “and”, then the verb “I wrote (a))” will end in “and”, in verbs - “ti”. “At” – you, feminine, ends with “t”. Consequently, the verb will end “in rhyme” with “T” - “katavT”. atA – katavTA. AnakhNU – katavNU. ATEM – katavTEM. ATEN – katavTEN.

They – הם/הן – are almost WE. (i.e. a company of people), only in the third person. Therefore, the ending “U” will be in any case. And we’d better keep the letter “NUN” from the word “katavNU” for ourselves. =) Therefore, they wrote - katva.

If HE is a catav. Then she is katva. We kindly ask you to remember the location of the vowels in this form. We read the first vowel “a”, but in the second syllable there will be no vowel. (Neither “ktAva” nor “katava”, namely “katvA”).

We have studied the Past tense of the Paal verbs.

In the next article we will analyze the present and future tenses of this group.

They say that verbs are the soul of Hebrew.
And the more you know them, the better you speak Hebrew.
Unlike many languages, Hebrew verbs follow uniform rules and are extremely easy to use.

Do you love Hebrew and have been studying it for several days? Have you finished ulpan or studied with a teacher? Perhaps you had practice communicating with native speakers? But you are still afraid that you are making mistakes Russian speakers make when using verbs. Test yourself!

Hebrew verbs - mistakes made by Russian speakers in Hebrew

Part 3 is on air today. I called this part “Hebrew verbs and what is connected with them.” Every second student made these mistakes when completing assignments. And they are accepted by the majority of Russian speakers when they come to me not completely from scratch, but with a small baggage of knowledge of Hebrew.

1. Rule MINERAL מינרל for reading the SHVA vowel ְ

We are all accustomed to the fact that the vowel of a seam is, as a rule, unreadable. However, in verbal nouns, binyan Paal at the beginning of a word in combination with the letters מ,י, נ,ר,ל – schwa is readAlways like [uh].

• מ [me]
• י [e]
• נ [ne]
• ר [re]
• ל [le]

For example:

sale [ meh hirA] מְ כירה;

seat [ e shiva] יְ שיבה;

driving [ ne-igA] נְ היגה;

list [ re shimA] רְ שימה;

studying [ le midA] לְ מידה

2. Translation into Hebrew of the Russian preposition “NA” verbatim

Preposition על translated as about (something), on (the surface of something), above (something). But it is not translated literally from Russian every time we hear “na”.

Let's look at examples:

I'm going to work - yes.

In the Russian version we hear the preposition “on”, but we translate (preposition of direction) ל.

I'm on vacation - yes.

Here again we hear “on”, but not in the meaning - on the surface. Therefore, in this case the preposition ב is used, describing a static state somewhere.

As you have already noticed, when translated into Hebrew, the meaning of some words, in particular prepositions, changes. To avoid this mistake among Russian Hebrew speakers, try not to give a literal translation from Russian.

It is important to understand the relationship of the preposition to the following word and translate not the word itself, but its relationship (connection). This is probably why prepositions in Hebrew are called relationship words מלות-יחס

3. Home, home, home in Hebrew

Let's look at three expressions that are found in speech every day. They are needed in connection with verbs of movement - go, go, come, arrive.

These phrases are popular and quite simple, but at the same time they are often confused. All you need to do is just remember:

• home (static) – בבית ;
• home (dynamics) – הביתה
• to the house (dynamics) – לבית

4. How not to confuse את(et)/ את(at)?

In the first caseאת is a preposition and is read as [et]. In a sentence, [et] usually comes immediately after the verb and indicates a connection with the next word. As a rule, [et] acts as the accusative case.

In the second case, את [at] is translated asYou female. [At] usually comes first in a sentence, acting as the subject.
For example:

Have you read this book? – ?את קראת את הספר הזה

Etc Note: In this example, you can omit the subjects. See point 9.

5. Headache when consuming passive binyans. How can you even understand them?!!

Mistakes made by Russian speakers in Hebrew arise when using the passive voice. This grammatical construction baffles almost everyone. First, we need to understand what the passive and active voices are.

Active voice indicates a person who performs some action on an object, For example:

Masha writes a letter - משה כותבת מכתב .

The passive voice, in contrast to the active voice, indicates an object or person who experiences the action, for example:

The letter is written (that is, it is not he who writes, but it is written) – המכתב נכתב .

The binyans used to express the passive voice in Hebrew are Nif'al, P'al, and Uf'al. However, often even after a complete analysis, this grammar causes some confusion and fear of translating incorrectly. Especially among those who are just getting acquainted with the language.

My advice to you is to try to avoid passives. Translate all sentences into active actions until you gain confidence in spoken Hebrew. Believe me, your speech will not be impoverished if you use only active binyans.

Moreover, many Israelis practically do not use the passive voice. I am sure that when you start speaking Hebrew fluently and want to understand the passive, it will seem completely harmless to you.

6. Incorrect word order in Hebrew

Errors of Russian speakers in Hebrew are also supplemented by incorrect word order. For a more precise analysis, we will divide this point into two subgroups:

1. Order of words in phrases of a noun and an adjective:

adjective + noun = good teacher (Russian version);
noun + adjective = good teacher המורה טוב – (Hebrew version);

2. Word order in verb phrases with the pronominal form of prepositions:

a pronoun in Russian, like a noun, has the property of being inflected. There is no such option in Hebrew.

To change the case form of a pronoun, prepositions come to the rescue. Conjugate preposition + pronoun, by analogy with the Russian language, I want to put in first place in the sentence. But this doesn't happen.

In Hebrew, the conjugate form: preposition + pronoun comes immediately after the verb it refers to, for example:

Should I tell you? (Russian variant).

Tell you? (Hebrew version). – What about?

By the way, for better understanding and more practice, I specially developed the “Phrase Constructor” program, which you can find on the website of the “Ivrika” school. This program will help you practice word order in Hebrew until it becomes automatic.

7. Incorrect reading of the letter י [yud] in future tense prefixes

For many, this has become almost the norm.
י is not a vowel sound [and].
י – short consonant sound [th].
In order for י to be truly pronounced as a vowel [and] it needs the vowel of hirik. For example, as in the word: Inna – אינה.

8. Pronunciation [ל]

There are mistakes made by Russian speakers in Hebrew, and not only among beginners, in pronunciation of the letter ל lamed.

ל is softened by almost everything, starting with the word לא – “no”, ending with the preposition -ל. The sound ל in Hebrew is neither soft nor hard at the same time. Therefore, it is not possible to write it correctly in Russian transcription.

Try to pronounce something between hard and soft [l]. Another option for correct pronunciation: try to pronounce a soft vowel without softening the consonant that precedes it. For example, in the word: ללמוד.

9. Using personal pronouns in the future and past tenses

This point is not an error in itself, but it raises many questions. To avoid confusion, I suggest you sort it out too.

When do we have the right to omit personal pronouns?
Does this apply to all times?
Can all pronouns be omitted or some, etc.

The answer is very simple. You need to remember that personal pronouns 1st and 2nd person: Iאני , Weאנחנו , Youאת/אתה , Youאתם/אתן can be omitted in the past and future tense. If you are still afraid of getting confused, just always use personal pronouns. Then you definitely won't make a mistake.

For example:

(את) קראת את הספר הזה? – Have you read this book?

10. How not to confuse prepositions of direction - ל Piel אל ?

Preposition -ל used in combination with nouns, For example:

I'm coming V Moscow. – אני נוסע למוסקבה

I'm coming To to a friend. – אני נוסע לחבר

I'm coming To mom. – אני נוסע לאמא

Preposition אל used together with pronouns, For example:

I'm coming To you. – אני נוסע אליך

I'm coming To her. – אני נוסע אליה

We have reviewed the TOP 20: Mistakes of Russian speakers in Hebrew among beginners and those already practicing Hebrew. I believe that by carefully reading this material, you risk saying goodbye to the fear of making one of the mistakes listed above once and for all. After all, you see, in reality everything is not so complicated.

If, after reading the article, you realized that your knowledge on the topic of Hebrew verbs is still far from ideal, I suggest you take the Sprint and Marathon course on Hebrew verbs from the online Hebrew school “Ivrika”.

Today this is the only complete, practical online course of Hebrew verbs for reading and communication.

What mistakes have Russian speakers made when using Hebrew verbs? Write in the comments, we’ll figure it out together!

Repost the article and like it! And see you again on air! Happy Hebrew to you! Good luck!

Exercises for memorizing words from this table
1. Find the correct answer among the five proposed: Russian -> Transliteration of a Hebrew word -> Russian Russian -> Hebrew Hebrew -> Russian	2. Write the correct answer yourself: Russian -> transliteration of Hebrew words Transliteration of a Hebrew word -> Russian Russian -> Hebrew Hebrew -> Russian

Binyan PAAL - present, past, future

Here is a table of verb tenses PAAL using the example of a verb, which in the infinitive sounds like lishmore, and means guard.

About the imperative mood

Let us repeat in a nutshell what we already know about imperative mood: it can be built in one of the following ways:

1. Coincides with the future tense (masculine - Tishmore! plural - Tishmaru! but in the feminine singular. differently - tishmary!)

2. The prefix " is removed you" (Shmor!).

The imperative mood is created in the same way for the remaining binyans.

More about exceptions

Exception verbs are verbs in which at least one of the root letters is glottal, or verbs whose root at first glance consists of only two letters. In the present, past and future tenses, their sound is slightly different from the sound of a classical verb with a regular three-letter root and without glottal radicals.

Just take a look at the table in the next post and try to find patterns. In particular, highlight a group of verbs like , , , in which the third radical hey. Notice how they look in the past and future tenses.

If you look at a verb in one of its forms and it seems to you that its root has only two letters, then this means one of the following options:

1. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this is noon(as in the verb -).

2. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this is yud(as in the verb -).

3. You see the first and third root letters in front of you, and there is also a second one, and this wav(as in the verb –)

4. You see the first and third root letters in front of you, and there is also a second one, and this yud(as in the verb –)

In the following table I have given only the forms for the first person, so as not to clutter this tutorial with continuous “scary” tables. You can easily form other persons if you remember the above table of the regular verb lishmore.

Frequently used exception verbs related to binyanu PAAL

To make sure that each exception verb is not at all on its own, but, on the contrary, exceptions, in turn, are compiled according to their own rules, take a closer look at this table. Let's highlight several groups of irregular verbs:

1. The first three verbs are , , . In a “purely radical” form, i.e. in past tense, 3rd person, m.r. – , , . It seems at first glance that these verbs have only two root letters. But it turns out that this is not so - it’s just that in the first two of them the radical fell out in the middle wav, and in the third – radical yud. Notice how these verbs change in gender, number and tense.

2. The next three verbs – , , – are also very similar to each other. The “pure root” form is , , . Pay attention to what happens in persons, genders and tenses with similar verbs, which are united by the fact that they have a third root letter - hey.

3. If the first letter of the root yud, hey or noon, then it disappears in the infinitive and in the future tense. Examples – , , .

Now we will study the conjugation of verbs in Hebrew and the formation of binyan forms.

In each binyan there are six different grammatical categories, which, in fact, all together constitute one verbal binyan. First, there are three times:

• Past - “did”
• Present - “does”
• Future - “will do”

Secondly, it is an infinitive (indefinite form) - “to do”. Further, this is the imperative mood or imperative (from the Latin " imperare" - "command"), in Hebrew this form is called צִוּוּי - "do/do". And finally, the form of the name of action (שֵׁם פְּעֻלָה “shem peula”), which denotes the process of action - “doing”. This is nothing more than a verbal noun, but since each binyan has its own form of forming the action name, it is convenient to consider it together with the binyan. So, each binyan has five verb forms and one nominal form. True, this is the maximum number; in some binyans there are fewer, which we will talk about later.

Formation of conjugation forms

How are these forms formed? Conjugation, i.e. changing the verb by person (“I do/you do/he does/we do”) in Hebrew is the same for all binyans. What is the difference between the different binyans? First of all, in the stem, to which endings or conjugation prefixes are attached. If you know the basis, then you can construct all forms of the verb in more or less the same way. It is clear that there are much fewer basics than forms, and therefore it is best to start studying by considering the basics, and then “dance” from there each time.

The maximum number of stems in each binyan is less than the number of grammatical categories. The fact is that regular verbs (and we are now working on regular three-letter verbs) have the bases of the future tense, infinitive and imperative always match. This is due to the logic of these fundamentals. The imperative mood corresponds to the future tense: “do”, i.e. you don't do it yet, I ask you to do it. And the Hebrew infinitive with the preposition ל like לִכְתֹב (“likhtov” - to write) has the original meaning “to do, to write,” for example: אֲנִי רוֹצֶה לִכְתֹב (“ani rotse likhtov” - I want (to) write), i.e. here we are also talking about action that takes place in the future.

So, the bases of the future tense, imperative and infinitive coincide and, therefore, the maximum number of different bases in the binyan is only four (out of six possible, two coincide, leaving four). Most binyans have fewer than four stems, which makes memorizing them even easier. Let's consider them sequentially in all binyans:

1. פָּעַל “paal” (worker)

The basis of the past tense is announced by the vowels “a-a”, for example: כָּתַב (“katav” - wrote), עָמַד (“amad” - stood), חָשַׁב (“hashav” - thought). This form coincides with the third person singular masculine form - “he did”, that is, the stem כָּתַב is also the form “he wrote”.

By the way, the name of any binyan is formed from the root פעל, meaning “to act”, and therefore is nothing more than the past tense stem of this verb. In the first binyan we have as the name the form פָּעַל “paʹal”, literally it means “he acted.” At the same time, since the bases of the past tense are very clearly different in all binyans, we simultaneously “kill two birds with one stone” - firstly, we get the name of the binyan, and secondly, the base of the past tense. One could say - the first binyan, the second or the third, but the name could immediately demonstrate the basis of the past tense. Therefore, if you are asked what is the basis of the past tense of binyana פָּעַל, you answer ־ָ־ַ־ “a-a” (כָּתַב), binyana פִּעֵל “piel” - ־ִ־ֵ־ “ee” (דִבֵּר), and binyana הִפְעִיל “hifil” - הִ־ְ־ִי־ “hi-b-i” (הִדְלִיק)

Past tense

So, let's return to פָּעַל. Let's take the basis of the past tense כָּתַב (“katʁav” - wrote). The form “I did” is formed by adding the unstressed suffix תִי “ti”. אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִי (“ani katavti” - I wrote or I wrote) - in Hebrew, the perfect and imperfect forms differ only in context. Let's look at the conjugation of the verb "katav" with other pronouns:

“You” is formed using the suffix תָ “ta” - to rhyme with the pronoun אַתָה (“atá” - you are a plural): אַתָה כָּתַבְתָ (“atá kataʹta” - you wrote/you wrote). In the feminine gender with the suffix תְ “t”: אַתְ כָּתַבְתְ (“at kataʹvt” - you wrote/you wrote).

“He” - הוּא כָּתַב (“hu katʁav” - he wrote/wrote). For “she”, the feminine ending “a” is added and the stem is shortened - instead of כָּתַבָה “katava”, כַּתְבָה “katvaʁ” is formed.

“We” - ending נוּ “well”: אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ (“anu katavnu” - we wrote/wrote).

“You” - ending תֶם “tem”: אַתֶם כָּתַבְתֶם (“atem katavtem” - you wrote/wrote)

“They” - the ending is “u” and the form sounds כָּתְבוּ (“katvu” - they wrote/wrote)

It can be seen that all these forms are clearly distinguished by their endings. Please note the abbreviation of the forms: כַּתְבָה (“katva” - wrote) and כָּתְבוּ (“katvu” - wrote) instead of כַּתַבָה “katava” and כָּתַבוּ “katavu”. Since these forms are abbreviated, we do not say that they have a different basis, but we believe that in the forms כַּתַבָה “katava” and כָּתַבוּ “katavu” the same basis כָּתַב “katav”, as in the form כָּתַבְתִי you" - I wrote).

Present tense

We continue to consider the forms פָּעַל. Let's move on to the present time. In the present tense of all binyans there are no verb forms that would be conjugated in Hebrew in the same way as in Russian: “I do, you do, he does,” but there is the so-called active participle, i.e. a form denoting an actor, for example: “writing, reading, speaking.”

The familiar forms כּוֹתֵב “kotev” and עוֹמֵד “omed” are nothing more than a participle. In פָּעַל the stem of the participle is formed by the vowels “o” and “e”, which are placed between the consonants of the root, i.e. כּוֹתֵב ("kotev" - writing), עוֹמֵד ("omed" - standing), יוֹשֵׁב ("yoshev" - sitting). The feminine gender is formed by adding the ending ־ֶת “et”: כּוֹתֶבֶת (“kotevet” - writing), עוֹמֶדֶת (“omedet” - standing), יוֹשֶׁבֶת (“yosheʹvet” - sitting).

In the plural, the endings ־ִים “im” in the masculine gender, וֹת “from” in the feminine are added and the stem is shortened - instead of כּוֹתֵבִים “kote vim”, כּוֹתְבִים “kotvim” is formed, and instead of כּוֹתֵבוֹ ת “kote here” is formed כּוֹתְבוֹת “kovoʹt”.

Often the participle is used independently and this can cause difficulties when using. For example: אָדָם הַיוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא (“adam hayoshev al hakise” - a person sitting on a chair), הָאָדָם יוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא (“haadam yoshev al haqise” - a person sits on a chair), although the literal translation is the same: “a person is sitting on a chair.” But here - הָאָדָם , stands next to the word אָדָם and thus, this is the starting point of the statement, and then it is reported about it: יוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא "sits on a chair." But in the first case it’s different: אָדָם הַיוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא , the article הַ stands next to the participle “sitting”, which indicates the continuation of the original information (what kind of person?).

Future

The future tense of binyan פָּעַל is formed from a short stem, in which the first place is “shva”, and the second is “o” (כְּתֹב “whoʹv”). The same applies, of course, to the infinitive and imperative mood.

Infinitive

Let's start with the infinitive for simplicity. The infinitive in any binyan is formed from the stem by adding the prefix ל, simply the consonant “l” in its pure form. If we add the consonant ל to the stem כְּתֹב, then we will naturally have to put “and” under ל for euphony, because the two vowels of “shva” at the beginning of the word are difficult to pronounce, and we will get the form לִכְתֹב (“likhtov” - to write).

Future tense of regular verbs

The future tense of regular verbs is formed by rhyming with the infinitive. For this purpose, prefixes (prefixes) are used. These prefixes are the same for all binyans and consist only of consonants that characterize a particular person and number:

• א “alef” corresponds to the first person singular – “I”
• נ "nun" plural - "we"
• ת “tav” corresponds to the pronoun “you” in the masculine and feminine, as well as “you” and “she”
• י “yud” - “he”, “they”

What happens if we add one of these consonants to the stem כְּתֹב “who”? Let's start, for example, with the second person. Putting תְ and כְּתֹב together, we get תְכְתֹב. Two vowels of “schwa” at the beginning of a word sound ugly, and just as in the case of the infinitive, we vowelize the first consonant, i.e. consonant prefix, with the sound “and”: תִכְתֹב “tikhtov”. This word means “you will write.” “He” is י, and again, replacing the first “shva” with “and” we get: יִכְתֹב (“ichtov” - he will write/he will write). We - נ with the stem כְּתֹב forms נִכְתֹב (“nikhtov” - we will write/will write). In the form of the first person singular (“I”) א receives the vowel not “and”, but “e”, so that this form differs audibly from the form of the 3rd person יִכְתֹב “he will write” even with fast speech and not very careful. So, אֶכְתֹב (“ehtoʹv” - I will write). “She will write” sounds תִכְתֹב “tikhtov”, and this form coincides with the form תִכְתֹב (“tikhtov” - you will write). This applies to all binyans. The forms “you” (m.r.) and “she” in the future tense are identical, they differ only in context or by the addition: אַתָה תִכְתֹב (“ata tikhtov” - you will write), הִיא תִכְתֹב (“hi tikhtov” - she will write) .

Other conjugation forms in Hebrew are formed using endings. “You will write” in the feminine gender is formed from the masculine form תִכְתֹב by adding the ending “and” and shortening the stem - instead of תִכְתֹבִי “tikhto vi”, תִכְתְבִי “tikhtevi” is formed. The second “schwa” is pronounced, because is obtained by shortening the vowel “o” and should always be pronounced as a short “e”.

In the plural, “you will write” is formed by adding the ending “u” to the form “you will write” - תִכְתְבוּ “tikhtevu”. The ending “u” has already been found in the past tense, in the plural of verbs, remember: כָּתְבוּ (“katvu” - they wrote). “They will write” is formed from the form “on” - יִכְתֹב “ichtoʹv” by adding the same ending “u” - יִכְתְבוּ “ichtevu”.

Modern spoken language does not distinguish between masculine and feminine genders for the forms "you will write" and "they will write", but literary Hebrew does have a feminine form. In order not to confuse you, we did not give this form as an example.

In Hebrew, the future tense is used, and literally it will be: “You will write!” And if “Write!”, then

It is formed from the second person future tense form “you” and “you” by dropping the prefix. Let’s take the form תִכְתֹב (“tikhtov” - you will write) and discarding the prefix “ti”, we get כְּתֹב (“who” - write/write). This is nothing more than the basis of the future tense in its pure form.

In the feminine gender we take the form תִכְתְבִי “tikhtevi” and again drop the “ti”, leaving כְּתְבִי “ktevi”. Since this form is dissonant - two vowels of “schwa” at the beginning of a word are unacceptable, we add an auxiliary “and”: כִּתְבִי (“kitvi” - write zh.r.)

The plural form תִכְתְבוּ “tikhtevu” gives after dropping “ti” and adding the vowel “and” כִּתְבוּ (“kitvu” - write).

It must be said that in modern Hebrew you can most often hear the forms of the future tense as an imperative mood: תִכְתֹב (“tikhtov” - write m.r.), תִכְתְבִי (“tikhtevi” - write j.r.), תִכְתְבוּ (“tikhtevu” - write). These forms sound less categorical, something like “write it down, write it down,” but the forms כְּתֹב, כִּתְבִי, כִּתְבוּ - this is more of an order.

Action name

And finally, the name of the action (designation of the process) in פָּעַל is formed as follows: under the first consonant - “shva”, under the second - “and” and the feminine ending “a”: כְּתִיבָה (“ktiva” - scripture), יְשִׁיבָה (“yeshiva” - sitting/meeting), פְּתִיחָה (“bird” - opening/opening). Thus, we have considered all forms of conjugation of the verbal binyan פָּעַל.

Let's move on now to the rest of the binyans. Here everything will be simpler, since we already know the principles of conjugation, which, as stated, apply equally to all binyans.

2. פִּעֵל “piel” (creative worker/teacher)

Here, the basis of the past tense, as is clear from the very name of the binyan, is a form with the vowels “i” and “e”: דִבֵּר (“diber” spoke), לִמֵד (“limed” — taught). Let's compare the basis of the past tense with the basis of the present tense. The first vowel “and” changes to “a” and forms the forms: דַבֵּר “daber” and לַמֵד “lamed.” The same stem is used to form the forms of the future tense, infinitive and imperative. Thus, there is one less stem here than in פָּעַל. And finally, the name of the action has a stem with the vowels “and” and “u” and an invariable root, for example: דִבּוּר (“dibur” - conversation/speech), לִמוּד (“limud” - learning/teaching). If you remember these three basics, you can easily form all the forms of binyan פִּעֵל. How?

Past tense

Let's start with the past tense. “He talked” - דִבֵּר “diber”, “she talked” - you need to add the feminine ending “a” and shorten the stem - דִבְּרָה “dibra”. “They”, as you might guess, is דִבְּרוּ “dibru”. The first two persons are formed using endings with consonants. “I talked” is the ending of תִי “ti” - דִבֵּרְתִי, however, before ending with a consonant, the sound “e” changes to “a” and this form sounds דִבַּרְתִי “dibarti”. Similarly, “you” - דִבַּרְתָ “dibarta”, in the feminine gender - דִבַּרְת “dibart”, “we” - דִבַּרְנוּ “dibarnu”, “you” - דִבַּרְתֶם " dibartem." You see that these endings are no different from the endings in binyan פָּעַל.

Present tense

In the present tense פִּעֵל the stem דַבֵּר is used with the present tense prefix. In פָּעַל there was no such prefix, in פִּעֵל there is one, and it is present in most binyans. This is the prefix מ (consonant “m”). Let's take the base דַבֵּר "daber" and add the prefix מְ - we get מְדַבֵּר "medaber". It means "speaker", a form that is used as the present tense. Feminine - מְדַבֶּרֶת “medabaret”. מְדַבְּרִם “medabrim”, מְדַבְּרוֹת “medabrot” - plural.

Infinitive, future tense and imperative

The infinitive has the stem דַבֵּר “daber” and the prefix לְ “le”, it sounds - לְדַבֵּר (“ledaber” - to speak). The future tense is formed to rhyme with the infinitive, replacing the prefix “le” with a prefix corresponding to the person. תִדַבֵּר (“tidaber” - you will speak), יְדַבֵּר (“idaber” - he will speak), נְדַבֵּר (“nedaber” - we will speak), אֲדַבֵר (“idaber” - I will speak). In the feminine gender in the 2nd person, the ending “and” is תְדַבְּרִי (“tedabri” - you will speak (addressing a woman). תְדַבְּר (“tedaber” - she will speak), let us remind you, coincides with the form “you will speak” (m .р.). דַבְּרִי ("dabri" - say zh.r.), דַבְּרוּ ("dabru" - say).

Action name

The name of the action is דִבּוּר (“dibur” - conversation). There is an additional form of the action name פִּעֵל with vowels “a” - “a” and a feminine ending such as קַבָּלָה (“kabala” - reception), בַּקָשָׁה (“bakasha” - request), but it is not productive in modern Hebrew, i.e. you can find in a dictionary what has already been formed over the course of centuries, but new forms are formed according to this model relatively rarely. The “i”-“u” form, on the contrary, is very productive and is a common pattern for this binyan.

3. הִפְעִיל “hifil” (chief)

Past tense

The basis of the past tense is הִפְעִיל, for example: הִדְלִיק (“hidlik” - he lit), הִדְלִיקָה (“hidlik” - she lit), הִדְלִיקוּ (“hidlik” - they lit it). “I lit” is the ending of תִי “ti”, but instead of הִדְלִיקְתִי “hidlikti” - הִדְלַקְתִי “hidlakti”. “You lit” - הִדְלַקְתָ “hidlakta”, “you lit” - הִדְלַקְתְ “hidlakt”, “we lit” - הִדְלַקְנוּ “hidlakna”, “you lit” - ה ִדְלַקְתֶם “hidlaktem.”

Present tense

The basis of the present tense is הַדְלִיק “hadlik”. From this base the present tense is formed with the addition of the prefix מְ, example: מְהַדְלִיק. However, the ה of prefixes tends to disappear after a consonant. Therefore, instead of מְהַדְלִיק it turns out מַדְלִיק (“madlik” - kindling). In the feminine gender in this binyan the ending “a” is מַדְלִיקָה “madlika”, מַדְלִיקִים “madlikim”, מַדְלִיקוֹת “madlikot” - plural.

Infinitive and future tense

For the infinitive we have in הִפְעִיל the same basis as in the present tense, and it sounds לְהַדְלִיק (“lehadlik” - to light). In this form the ה does not disappear. In the future tense, prefixes “eat up” ה in the same way as a present tense prefix does. Instead of the form אֲהַדְלִיק, אַדְלִיק is formed ("adlik" - I will light), instead of תְהַדְלִיק, תַדְלִיק is formed ("tadlik" - you will light). “You will light” in the feminine gender תַדְלִיקִי “tadliki.” “He will light” - יַדְלִיק “yadlik”, “she” - תַדְלִיק “tadlik”, “we will light” - נַדְלִיק “nadlik”, “you will light” - תַדְלִיקוּ dliku", "they will light" - יַדְלִיקוּ "yadliku".

In Hebrew, the future tense is used, and literally it will be: “You will write!” And if “Write!”, then

The imperative mood is formed by discarding the prefix: הַדְלִיק (“hadlik” — light the m.r.), הַדְלִיקִי (“hadlik” — light the l.r.), הַדְלִיקוּ (“hadliq” light). These forms are categorical, and in colloquial Hebrew you can hear תַדְלִיק “tadlik”, תַדְלִיקִי “tadliki”, תַדְלִיקוּ “tadliku”.

Action name

The name of the action in הִפְעִיל has the form הַ־ְ־ָ־ָה - example: הַדְלָקָה (“hadlaka” - ignition). Note the parallelism of the forms פִּעֵל and הִפְעִיל. Compare the past tense: in פִּעֵל the form is דִבֵּר "diber", in הִפְעִיל - the form הִדְלִיק "hidlik". The present tense in פִּעֵל is the form דַבֵּר “daber”, and in הִפְעִיל is the form הַדְלִיק “hadlik” (replacing the first “i” with “a”). The same goes for the future tense, imperative and infinitive. In the past tense before the ending of the first two persons: דִבַּרְתִי “dibarti”, instead of דִבֵּרְתִי “diberti” and הִדְלַקְתִי “hidlakti”, instead of הִדְלִיקְ תִי "hidlikti".

Passive binyans

We looked at three active binyans. Now let's move on to the passive ones - נִפְעַל "niphʹal", פֻּעַל "pual", הֻפְעַל "hufʹal" and the reflexive הִתְפַּעֵל "hitpael". First, let's look at the forms of binyan פֻּעַל. It has one single stem - פֻּעַל and only (in modern Hebrew, at least) three forms - past, present and future tense. Let’s take the verb דֻבַּר “dubar” (from לְדַבֵּר “ladaber” - to speak), which means “to be spoken by someone/about something.”

דֻבַּר “dubar” is the stem and at the same time the singular form of the masculine third person: זֶה כְּבָר דַבֵּר (“ze kvar dubar” - this (about this) was said). הִיא דֻבְּרָה (“hi dubra” - it was said about her), “you” - דֻבַּרְתָ “dubarta”. In the present tense there is the same stem and prefix מְ, example: מְדֻבָּר (“medubar” - they say).

In the future tense there are forms: אֲדֻבָּר (“adubar” - about me will be spoken), יְדֻבָּר (“idubar” — will be spoken about him), תְדֻבָּר (“tedubar” — about her), נְדֻבָּר (“neduba”) ́р" - about us), תְדֻבְּרוּ ("tedubru" - about you (you will be discussed) and יְדֻבְּרוּ ("idubru" - about them (they will be discussed). There are no other forms in פֻּעַל.

הֻפְעַל “hufal” also has only one single stem הֻפְעַל and three tenses, i.e. the parallelism between פֻּעַל and הֻפְעַל continues in their passives. For example, הֻדְלַק (“hudlak” - was lit), in the feminine gender - הֻדְלְקָה ("hudleka" - lit), in the plural - הֻדְלְקוּ "hudleku", etc.

In the present tense we add מְ to the base הֻדְלַק and after leaving ה, as before, we get - מֻדְלָק (“mudlak” - lit), מֻדְלֶקֶת “mudleket”, מֻדְלָקִים “mudlaki” m", מֻדְלָקוֹת "mudlakot".

In the future, accordingly, after the departure of ה, it turns out תֻדְלַק (“tudlak” - you will be lit), תֻדְלְקִי “tudleki” - in the feminine gender, יֻדְלַק (“yudlak” - it will be lit), תֻדְלַק (“there varnish" - it will be lit) , יֻדְלְקוּ (“yudleku” - they will be lit). It can be seen that the principle of conjugation of these forms is quite simple.

Binyan נִפְעַל “niphʹal.” It has all six shapes and two different bases. Past tense stem: נִפְעַל “niphʹal”. For example: נִכְתַב ("nikhtav" - was written), נִכְתְבָה ("nikhteva" - it was written), נִכְתְבוּ ("nikhtevu" - they were written). The stem has the same sound in the present tense: נִכְתָב “nikhtav”. Strictly speaking, נִכְתַב in the past tense is voweled with a short “a”, and in the present tense with a long “a”, but in modern pronunciation the difference between both forms is erased.

The basis of the conjugation of the future tense, imperative and infinitive is completely different and has the form הִפָּעֵל “hipael”, that is, it is sharply different from נִפְעַל “niphal”. The infinitive of the root כּתב sounds לְהִכָּתֵב (“lehikateʹv” - to write). In the future tense, ה is “eaten” and the forms אֶכָּתֵב “ekateʹv”, תִכָּתֵב “tikatʁv”, יִכָּתֵב “ikatʹev”, etc. appear.