Forest vegetation of Kazakhstan. Republic of Kazakhstan: mountains and their flora and fauna What trees grow in the steppe forest of Kazakhstan

In general, forests are rare for Kazakhstan because there are mostly steppes and plains. Therefore, forests are highly valued in Kazakhstan. There are only 2 large forests on the territory of Kazakhstan: the Tien Shan forest and the Altai forest.

Forest of the Tien Shan.
Forests in Kazakhstan are mainly located in the northeast and southeast of the republic, in the Altai and Tien Shan mountains.
Kazakhstan can be called a low-forest state since the area covered by forest is only 4.6%
territory of the country. But the forest in Kazakhstan may surprise you with the presence of trees and shrubs that grow
only on the territory of Kazakhstan forests and nowhere else are such species found: juzgun - which in turn has 28 species, astragalus is also represented by 35 species, Kyrgyz birch, Lynchevsky apple tree, Trans-Caspian hawthorn, Djungarian, false Siberian, poplar, Vavilov pear , Shrenka and Turkestan roses, snow-white willow, etc. The northern Tien Shan is characterized by coniferous forests, the famous Tien Shan spruce grows there, in the forest you can meet the deer, hawk owl, nutcracker, black grouse, three-toed woodpecker and many others
fauna representatives. The Western Tien Shan differs from the northern one in landscape; accordingly, instead of spruce forests, juniper forests mainly grow here, and most of the slopes are treeless and covered with Himalayan-type meadows. In the lowlands, in the areas of villages, gardens grow. The higher slopes are covered with deciduous forests and groves of wild apple and apricot trees, and only at an altitude of 1,300 - 1,500 m do spruce trees appear. But spruce trees grow mainly on northern slopes.
Prominent representatives of the fauna of the Western Tien Shan are such animal species as: porcupine, bluebird and Himalayan red-necked tit, white-throated nightingale, red-winged lentil and many others. In general, in the forests of the Tien Shan, you can see large animals such as wild boar, roe deer, snow leopard, Tien Shan brown bear, Central Asian lynx, etc.

Altai forest.
The Altai forest is located between the Uba and Bukhtarma rivers. “Altai” translated into Russian as Golden Mountains. Since there are huge deposits in the depths: tungsten, zinc, copper, etc. The mountains are covered with forest at an altitude of 600-2500 meters above sea level 07_zailiyskiy_alatau_kumbelc_oleg_belyalov. Several types of trees grow in the forest depending on the height. For example, conifers grow in the upper and middle parts of mountain slopes, while birch and aspen grow lower. The most common species is Siberian fir, which is located at an altitude of 700 - 1800 meters. There are also spruce-fir forests on the slopes of the eastern part of the Narym ridge. These forests are located in the East Kazakhstan region. Ridder is one of the cities in the Altai Mountains.

Caragana is a shrub with a height of 1 to 3 m. 17 species grow in Kazakhstan. These unpretentious woody plants can be found everywhere: in the mountains, steppes, sandy and rocky deserts.

All types of caragana belong to the genus Caragana of the legume family. Enrich the soil with nitrogen.

The shoots, branches and stems of these plants are greenish in color. The leaves are pinnately compound, the flowers are golden-yellow in color and moth-shaped. Caragana blooms after the leaves bloom. The fruit is an oblong-cylindrical bean. During flowering it is a good honey plant.

Many types are suitable for landscaping.

Caragana shrub – Caragana frutex C. Koch. – low shrub 0.5-1.5 in height. The thin, prickly shoots bear small leaves; they are obovate in shape, with spines. Bright yellow, single flowers appear in May-June. In July-August, cylindrical, up to 4 cm in length, hard, naked beans with 2-4 seeds ripen.

Found in many regions of Kazakhstan. In sparsely forested areas it is used for fuel and fences. Brooms and brooms are made from it. The rod and roots are used for weaving. A good honey plant. Widely used in forest protection plantations, they strengthen the banks of rivers and ravines. In our city it grows wild in open areas along the shore of the reservoir, in the lowlands between the hills.

Caragana arborescens grows naturally in Western and Eastern Siberia, Altai, Eastern Kazakhstan and Mongolia.

Tall shrub or small tree. The bark is smooth, greenish-gray, covered with knobby spines. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, consisting of 4–7 pairs of small leaflets.

It blooms in May with yellow butterfly flowers, the fruits ripen in June–July. It grows quickly, is extremely undemanding to soil, drought-, winter-, gas- and smoke-resistant. It forms nodules on its roots in which bacteria absorb nitrogen from the air. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. When cut down, it produces strong and numerous root shoots.

Caragana wood is used for small crafts and hoops. The branches and bast of the bush are used for weaving. The leaves contain a blue dye. Honey plant. In Altai, per hectare of caragana thickets produces up to 350 kg of honey.

Caragana arborescens is widely used in green construction, especially when creating hedges, as it tolerates shearing and pruning well. There is also a hedge of Caragana arborescens on the territory of PTKL.

Honeysuckle

Belongs to the genus Honeysuckle of the Honeysuckle family.

Branched shrubs 1-1.5, sometimes 3-4 m in height, with flaky bark on trunks and branches and simple elliptical leaves. Honeysuckle flowers have many small, varied shades. The fruits are juicy berries, almost round, the size of a pea or small grapes, with transparent pulp, inedible, of various colors: yellow, orange, red, blue, black, white.

It grows mainly in the mountainous regions of Kazakhstan. There are edible forms that vaguely resemble blueberries in appearance and taste. They are notable for the fact that they ripen earlier than many fruit plants - starting in June. They are eaten fresh or made into juice, jam, or jelly. The high content of biologically active substances in combination with ascorbic acid makes honeysuckle valuable for medicinal nutrition.

Honeysuckle is durable, frost- and gas-resistant, disease-resistant, not picky about soil, and tolerates pruning and replanting well. Decorative during flowering and fruiting. They have long been used in landscaping and forest reclamation. Suitable for single and group plantings, hedges, etc.

Edible honeysuckle has long been domesticated and cultivated as a berry and ornamental crop. Interest in it has especially increased in our century, when many different varieties were bred.

Small-leaved honeysuckle – Lonicera microphylla Willd. - a shrub with opposite elliptical, ovate leaves and bisexual yellowish-green flowers appearing from May to July. Yellow and red fruits ripen in August and grow together at the apex into spherical fruit.

Lives in the Altai Mountains, Dzungarian Alatau, Kazakh small hills, Tien Shan, Pamir-Altai, Mongolia. Grows on rocky slopes and along mountain river beds. It is characterized by winter hardiness and unpretentiousness to soil conditions. Photophilous. The wood is used for firewood and small crafts. Recommended for landscaping and forest reclamation. Green honeysuckle hedges in our city are located on the street. Dimitrova, Stroiteley, in the city children's park. The spring flowering of the bushes makes these streets especially elegant.

Rose hip

There are 21 types of rose hips in Kazakhstan. Rosehip bushes have long shoots covered with glossy green skin and armed with curved thorns. This is a light-loving plant. In natural conditions, in the undergrowth, under the forest canopy, it is rarely found. It grows on the edges of forests, mountain slopes, along the banks of rivers and lakes.

Rosehip is considered a harbinger of summer. At the end of spring, large flowers, up to 5 cm in diameter, appear on thin curved branches. Usually white, pink or pale purple, sometimes bright red, they have a subtle rose scent. Flower petals contain vitamin C, but their main wealth is fragrant essential rose oil. Bright rosehip flowers are a good reference point for bees, rosehip is an excellent honey plant, its flowers are rich in nectar and produce a lot of beebread.

Rose hips are called a natural storehouse of vitamins. In the pulp of fruits, cleared of seeds and bristles, the supply of vitamin C sometimes reaches 15-20%. Fruits, more precisely rosehip hypanthia, contain provitamins A1, B2, P and K. There are a lot of sugars, citric acid, pectin and coloring substances, and flavones. Even rosehip leaves contain up to 0.40-0.56% ascorbic acid. The flower petals contain fragrant essential rose oil, thanks to which the petals are used to make high-quality jam and obtain rose aromatic water. Rose hips are used in the preparation of water infusions, decoctions, juices, decoctions, kvass, mash, purees, jams, rose vinegar, compotes, mousses, sweets, dragees, marmalade, marshmallows, jelly, jam.

There are green rosehip hedges in the courtyards on the street. Kalinin, in the courtyard of secondary school No. 11 in the eastern part of the city.

Loch

There are 40 species of sucker in the world, and in Kazakhstan there are 2 species. Belongs to the genus of the sucker family. Along the banks and in river valleys in floodplain tugai forests, in the green robe of trees familiar to the eye, the sucker looks extremely exotic: red-brown shiny bark and dense silvery leaves. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, 5–8 cm long, greenish on top. The undersides are covered with white hairs, which gives them a silvery-white color. It blooms in May - early June, after the leaves bloom. The flowers are small, yellow-golden, with a sweet honey aroma that can be felt from a great distance. The fruit is a fleshy drupe, oval in shape, up to 1 cm long, initially white due to the scales covering it, then yellowish-white. The pulp is mealy, sweet, edible, and vaguely resembles the taste of a date. The stone is hard, with longitudinal, weakly defined stripes. Sucker fruits contain 10.55% protein, a lot of glucose and fructose, and are rich in potassium salts. They are eaten both raw and as a seasoning: they are used to make soups, porridge, bread, and compotes. Previously, they were used to grind flour and even make sweet berry wine. Loch is a good honey plant. Lokhov honey is amber in color and very fragrant. The fruits are also used in medicine for diseases of the digestive organs as an astringent and enveloping agent. A decoction of oleaster fruits is recommended for acute gastric diseases. In folk medicine, infusions of flowers were used for heart ailments, and crushed dry leaves were sprinkled on old wounds to cleanse and heal.

The wood resists rotting exceptionally well and is often used to make parts that are under water. The hard yellow wood of the oleaster takes a good polish and is used in carpentry and turning. Sucker is used for hedges, securing sand, ravines, river banks and ditches.

There is a hedge of oleaster on the territory of PTKL.

Lilac

This is a shrub from the olive family. In total, this genus includes about 30 wild species and many hybrid and garden forms. In nature, wild lilac is widespread in East Asia - in the mountainous regions of China and Japan, in the Far East, and this is where its greatest species diversity is found. In Asian countries, lilac has long been cultivated as an ornamental plant, and in Europe it gained popularity and spread widely at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Flowers and shoots with leaves contain essential oil, which gives the plant a characteristic aroma. Common lilac has the maximum amount of it. This is a large shrub or small tree up to 5–7 m in height. The bark on the trunks is dark gray in color and peels off lengthwise in narrow strips. On mature plants, the upper buds are flower buds. The leaves are broadly ovate, with a heart-shaped straight or slightly rounded base and an elongated sharp tip. The leaves remain on the shoots until late autumn and fall green. Inflorescences are paired panicles. Lilac blooms in the second half of May - early June.

Currently there are more than 1000 varieties. It is used in landscaping due to the beauty of its flowering and long-lasting foliage.

Juniper

Belongs to the juniper genus of the cypress family. The genus includes 60 species. Of these, over 20 grow in the CIS.

Juniper is an ancient woody plant that appeared in the Tertiary period. Distributed in the forest zone of the northern hemisphere. It grows mainly as undergrowth in coniferous and mixed forests, persisting and partially forming large thickets in clearings and forest edges. Juniper is shade-tolerant and has little demand for soil. Grows on limestone along river banks and mountain slopes. Moderate humidity is most favorable for the development of juniper.

It grows slowly, reaches its maximum height at the age of 70-100 years, and lives up to 250-300 years. Frost-resistant, but does not tolerate dry winds.

In Kazakhstan, it grows in the East Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar, and North Kazakhstan regions.

Juniper has quite unusual fruits - cones. They are small - 9 mm in diameter. In the first year, the coneberry is green, ovoid, in the second year it is spherical, shiny, blue-black, with a bluish waxy coating, 7-9 mm in diameter. The seeds are oblong-triangular, yellow-brown, 4-5 mm long. The weight of 1000 seeds is about 13 g. Sowing is usually carried out with freshly harvested seeds.

Juniper berries contain a lot of sugar, glucose, vitamins, resin, essential oil, which includes pinene, cardinene, terpineol, etc.; organic acids; they contain the yellow pigment uniperine, fatty oil, and wax-like substances.

Juniper phytoncides kill harmful bacteria, fungi and even insects. A hectare of juniper plantings releases 30 kg of phytoncides per day.

Sandarac, a substance for varnishing wood, is obtained from juniper resin. The famous Scotch whiskey is infused with juniper berries. Wine made from juniper berries is not inferior in quality to grape wine.

Common juniper - I. Iuniperus communis - can take a creeping form up to 1 m in height with branches spread across the soil surface. Forms a soil-improving forest litter and has strong phytoncide. One plant can release 30 g of volatile phytoncides per day. Because of its decorativeness and phytoncide, it is planted in gardens and parks, when creating green areas around populated areas. In our city, the common juniper was planted in the park in front of the city hospital, but this planting was almost lost.

Bird cherry

There are 10 species in the world, in Kazakhstan - 2. Bird cherry is a shrub with white flowers collected in lush racemose inflorescences, with elliptical, sharply serrate leaves and black, sweet, strongly astringent berries.

In our republic, bird cherry is found in the wild along the banks of rivers and streams, in riverine forests, forest edges and bushes throughout northern Kazakhstan, as well as in the mountains. Bird cherry blossoms in May-June. And the berries ripen towards the end of summer in August-September. Fully ripe bird cherry is not so tart; it is especially good in late autumn. Both fresh berries and bird cherry flour are eaten. They are used for cooking jelly with honey, as well as filling pies and cheesecakes. Cool drinks are made from bird cherry. Bird cherry fruits are also used in medicine: they are used internally as an astringent, brewed as tea, separately or mixed with dried blueberries. The active principle is the tannins contained in the pulp, as well as malic and citric acids. Not only berries, but also flowers and bird cherry bark have medicinal properties. The flowers are distilled with water to produce an extract used to treat eye diseases. A decoction of the bark is used for fevers.

It is used mainly for landscaping gardens and summer cottages. Particularly beautiful during the flowering period.

Tamarix

Tamarix belongs to the genus Tamarix of the comb family. From spring to autumn, plants that are unique and typical for the republic bloom in the clayey and saline steppes and deserts of Kazakhstan.

The word "tamarix" comes from the name of a river flowing in Spain. In ancient times it was called Tamariz, currently Timbra.

The Soviet scientist F.N. Ruslanov established that different age forms of Tamarix were taken for their separate species.

Of the 19 species growing wild in the CIS, 13 are found in Kazakhstan. As it grows, tamarix forms peculiar circles with dead old branches in the middle and living shoots around the perimeter. The desert wind sweeps up heaps of sand, and the plant, throwing out new shoots and roots, seems to “rakes up” the sand under itself; a high hill with a tamarisk on top gradually forms. Against the background of the monotonous steppe and the flat, takyr-like expanse of the desert, tall bushes or sandy mounds with green and blooming tamarisks can be seen far away.

If in a waterless desert tamarix grows in green islands scattered over vast areas, then near rivers and lakes it forms, together with other woody plants, quite dense thickets - tugai.

Tamarix have such an original appearance that it is difficult to confuse them with other species. These are spreading shrubs with thin drooping branches or low trees with an openwork crown. The trunk diameter reaches 50 cm.

The bark on the branches comes in different shades: perennial shoots are gray, annual shoots are green, bright red, dark burgundy or light ocher. The leaves are very small, succulent, from 1 to 7 mm in length, scaly, densely covering twig-like branches. On one plant, the leaves can be of different sizes and shapes: in the lower part of the shoot they are the largest, and near the top they turn into tubercles. The color of tamarisk leaves ranges from emerald green to bluish.

Tamarix bloom in spring, summer, and sometimes autumn from one to several times a year with pink, purple, lilac or whitish flowers collected in lateral racemes or panicles at the top of the branches.

The fruits are triangular capsules with small seeds.

Tamarix are undemanding to soil, light-loving, cold- and drought-resistant, and salt-tolerant. When frozen to the root collar, they are easily renewed by shoots. The root system is highly branched, plastic, sometimes spreading over the surface, sometimes rushing into the depths.

They are distinguished by rapid growth, resistant to smoke and gases, amenable to cutting and shaping, and tolerate transplants even in adulthood. Propagated by woody and green cuttings.

Hard and dense, with a beautiful pattern, the wood is suitable for various decorative products. Flexible rods are used to make baskets and wicker furniture. Burns well.

Flowers provide bees with protein food and nectar. Tamarix are able to secrete sweet gum in the form of small grains on the branches. It is formed from insect injections and is called “manna”.

Tamarix are planted to strengthen the banks of rivers, ravines, and sand dunes. They should be more widely introduced into landscaping plantings in desert areas of Kazakhstan. Thanks to their pink, white and lilac flowers, they are very decorative on lawns and in tree groups.

Elongated tamarix - T. Elongate Ldb. - shrub or tree up to 6 meters high. Annual branches have light fawn lenticels. The leaves are small, lanceolate. Blooms in spring or autumn, white-pink lateral racemes up to 20-25 cm in length.

The fruit - a capsule - contains 30-40 seeds. Outside the republic, this species is found only in Central Asia and Mongolia. Good for landscaping within its natural range.

Barberry

Barberry belongs to the genus Barberry of the Barberry family.

This thorny bush has been known since ancient times. Solid, beautifully painted wood was used for inlay in the manufacture of furniture and various artistic crafts; the berries were eaten.

There are 12 species of barberry growing in the CIS, of which 7 species grow in Kazakhstan: Siberian, centipede, oblong, Bykovsky, whole-edged, Ili, Karkaraly. All berries are edible. There are introduced species: common barberry, Amur barberry, Thunberga, etc.

Common barberry - Berberis vulgaris L. - is a branched thorny shrub up to 2-3 meters in height with thin ribbed yellowish-white shoots. The leaves are collected in bunches, obovate, blunt-topped, jagged at the edges, dark green above, lighter below, turning purple in autumn. Spines 3-, 5-parted, up to 2 cm long. Flowers appear in May-June. Yellow, shiny, they are collected in hanging clusters and emit a subtle honey smell. The fruits - red oblong berries - ripen in September - October and hang on the bushes for a long time.

Common barberry is winter-hardy, like all other species of this genus, drought-resistant, light-loving, and little demanding of soil. It grows best on light loams, prefers steep sunny slopes, and tolerates some shade. Propagated by seeds, divisions of bushes and summer cuttings.

Very resistant to air pollution. Tolerates haircuts well.

Naturally lives in Europe, the Caucasus. In Kazakhstan it is used in landscaping the south-eastern regions.

Barberry wood is very hard, does not split easily, is fine-grained, with wide lemon-yellow sapwood; this color is given to it by berberine, one of the few colored alkaloids. Used for small turnings and inlays, its roots and bark are used to dye leather and wool a beautiful lemon yellow color.

Barberry fruits have nutritional value; they contain glucose and fructose, malic, tartaric and citric acids. The refreshing, sour berries are consumed raw and used in confectionery production.

There are 11 alkaloids in the roots, bark and branches of barberry: berberine, berbamine, etc. The leaves contain berberine, vitamins C and E, carotene, malic and citric acids. It is no coincidence that many parts of plants are used in folk and scientific medicine.

Preparations and tinctures from the root and bark of barberry are useful for liver diseases, kidney stones, jaundice, inflammation of the kidneys and bladder, gout, rheumatism, etc.; tincture of leaves - for bleeding and liver diseases.

All types of barberry are decorative at any time of the year: in spring, when bright green foliage and yellow drooping flower clusters appear, and in autumn, when the leaves turn yellow or purple, and the bush is completely dotted with orange-red, purple or dark blue clusters of berries.

Common barberry is used to create hedges, borders, single and group plantings on lawns, gardens and parks. There are many decorative forms: with dark purple, white and yellow-edged leaves, there are varieties that differ in color and configuration of fruits, etc.

The garden form with berries without seeds is valuable. It should be remembered that barberry is an intermediate host of bread rust.

Willow

There are about 250 species in the willow family, which interbreed easily, making willows very difficult to identify. Plants of this family are divided into two groups: tree willows and shrubby willows. Willow is a light-loving plant, prefers moist or damp soils, and tolerates prolonged flooding, so its main habitats are the banks of rivers and reservoirs, and damp meadows. Some types of willows can grow on dry, poor soils and even loose sand, but with close groundwater. They are undemanding to soil fertility and tolerate some salinity. They reproduce by seeds, shoots from a stump and cuttings. In shrubby forms, the roots do not go very deep into the soil, but spread widely to the sides. The wood of many types of willows is characterized by elasticity, softness, lightness, viscosity, flexibility, and does not crack when dried. Used in construction, furniture and cooperage production. Baskets are woven from willow twigs. Willow bark juice has healing properties - it soothes rheumatic pain and reduces fever. A decoction of a mixture of willow bark and burdock, taken in equal parts, was used to wash your hair in case of dandruff and hair loss.

Willow is used in green construction of cities and villages, especially near water bodies. In the south of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, there is a centuries-old tradition of lining irrigation canals and special recreation areas with willows. Willow easily tolerates air pollution, even if it grows near industrial enterprises and highways with heavy traffic. In our city, willow is not used in street landscaping, but it is common near the beaches of the Samarkand reservoir, along the canals through which water is discharged from industrial enterprises within the city, along the banks of the Nura River.

Blood red hawthorn is a plant of the Rosaceae family. It is a shrub or small tree. Its young shoots are shiny, purple-brown, the spines on the shoots are 2-5 cm long, straight. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, and by autumn they turn golden and red. The flowers are about 1.5 cm in diameter, collected in dense corymbose inflorescences. The fruits are red, apple-shaped, about 1 cm in diameter, with mealy edible pulp.

Biological features of fruit and berry bushes grown in the city of Temirtau.

Raspberries

Raspberries. There are about 400 types of raspberries in the world, and in Kazakhstan – 4.

Raspberry bushes reach two meters, the shoots are erect, one to two years old, pubescent, covered with thorns. In May-July, racemose or brush-like inflorescences bloom on the branches.

Raspberries are an excellent honey plant. From one hectare of thickets, bees collect up to 100 kg of nectar, and due to the special structure of its flowers, bees visit them in cool weather, after sunset, and even in light rain.

Sweet and fragrant raspberries are very delicate, so you need to pick them carefully, preferably in a small container. The fruits are eaten fresh, jam is made from them, jellies, syrups, tinctures, liqueurs and many other quite tasty things are prepared.

The medicinal properties of raspberries are well known. It has been established that ripe raspberries contain various sugars, organic acids, 25-35 mg% vitamin C, and a number of other useful substances.

Cherry

There are about 150 species found around the globe; 21 species have been described in the CIS. In Kazakhstan, the most common cherries are steppe, common, red-fruited, and Tien Shan.

The fruits are spherical drupes of various colors: dark, wine-red to almost black, or lighter, yellow, with juicy pulp, bitterish. The fruits contain up to 9-14% sugars, citric and malic acids. The core of the seeds contains up to 30% fatty oil used in perfumery, and protein substances - amygdalin, emulsin.

For a long time, housewives have had no competition for cherry jam, which has a good taste and aroma. Juice, jelly, syrups, and jams are prepared from cherries. Cherries are consumed fresh and dried. The fruits of wild cherries contain vitamins A, B, C, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and ash.

Valuable essential almond oil is obtained from cherry pits. Gum deposits often form on trunks and branches.

The bark contains tannins. The bark contains the dye phloricin, the wood contains xylot. The wood of wild cherry is dense, fine in structure, and produces a beautiful furniture material that lends itself well to finishing and polishing.

In Kazakhstan, cherries can be found on dry rocky slopes, in the middle and subalpine mountain zones in Karatau, Western Tien Shan, Dzungarian, Trans-Ili and Kungei Alatau, Chu-Ili mountains.

Currant

Currant genus Grossulariaceae DS. gooseberry family. There are over 150 types of currants all over the world, and in Kazakhstan there are 11 types of currants. Currant is a shrub up to 2 meters high, surprisingly fragrant, especially the leaves with small amber sessile glands. When rubbed they give off a characteristic odor. Flowers with a hemispherical bell-shaped receptacle, collected in drooping clusters of yellowish-green color, appear in late April - early June. The berries are juicy, green at first, then black or dark purple, sour or sweet.

All currant products are rich in ascorbic acid; vitamin C preparations are obtained from it, concentrates of which are considered a powerful preventative against many infectious diseases and scurvy.

Young leaf buds of black currant are rich in essential oils, so they are used to prepare syrups, extracts and liqueurs.

The berries are equally tasty in fresh, dried and processed form: jams, jellies, canned food, marinades, syrups, wines, etc. The leaves are used for pickling vegetables, less often as a tea substitute. Leaves, flowers and buds contain valuable essential oil.

There are such species as aromatic currant, Meyer currant, bristly currant.

Gooseberry

Gooseberry. There are 52 types of gooseberries, 3 of which grow in the CIS, including 1, needle-shaped, in Kazakhstan.

Gooseberry is a medium-height shrub, usually covered with thorns with alternate entire leaves without stipules. The inflorescence is a raceme bearing a small number of flowers - from 1 to 3. The flowers are sessile, without pedicels, small, greenish or reddish. The fruit is also extremely characteristic of this genus - a false berry with numerous seeds.

Grows on open rocky slopes of the middle and lower mountain zones. Found in Kokshetau, Eastern small hills, Altai, Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Alatau.

Gooseberries contain a lot of vitamin C; Vitamins found: A1, B1, B2, PP. In terms of vitamin content, gooseberries are second only to black currants and are on a par with strawberries. The highest quality berry wines are made from gooseberries.

Ripe gooseberries are useful for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic disorders, especially if you are overweight. It is recommended to eat it for kidney and bladder diseases, anemia, and to strengthen blood vessels. The berries are used to make syrups, jams and wine.

Grape

Grape. These are perennial vines or climbing shrubs. These include about 70 species distributed in the northern hemisphere and tropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere. There are 3 species found in the USSR, including 10 in Kazakhstan.

The berries are large, sweet, of different colors and tastes. The leaves are varied in shape, size, and autumn color; from bright green to bright yellow.

The mineral composition of grapes is dominated by calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and there is some iron and manganese. Tannins, contained in large quantities in colored grapes and red wine, are important in the treatment of gastric diseases. The vitamin C content reaches 2.32%. According to research by V.N. Bukin, grapes contain vitamin A - from 0.02 to 0.12; C – from 0.43 to 12.3; B – 0.006.

Grapes are also important in ornamental gardening: trellises, trellises, arbors

Plum

Plum genus Prunus Mill., Rosaceae family. There are 32 species of plums grown throughout the world. There are 3 types of plums that grow in Kazakhstan.

Cherry plum or Sogdian plum is a tree or shrub 2-8 meters high, with thorny thin branches. The flowers are white, about centimeters in diameter. Cherry plum fruits come in different colors: yellow, pink, light red, cherry red or blue.

Cherry plum fruits are widely used. Fruit sugar content – ​​3.6-1-3.5%; acidity -1, "- 4.6%, pectic substances 1.6-2.9%, vitamin C 2.7-19.25 mg%. The fruits have great gelling ability. The astringent taste of cherry plum is given by tannins. Fresh berries are good, but mostly they are processed for making jam, compote, marmalade, juice, tincture, and wine. Since cherry plum has high acidity, when making jam there is no need to add molasses, which protects it from sugaring. The kernel of the seeds contains a significant amount of fatty oil - up to 42%, which is distinguished by its high taste. From the kernel you can make a paste that resembles sterilized cream in taste and nutrition.

The fruits of the cherry plum are harvested as a medicine; colds, throat diseases, and stomach diseases are treated with infusion.

Sea ​​buckthorn

This fruit plant grows in small spreading trees up to 5 - 6 m tall, but most often its height in garden plots does not exceed 2 - 2.5 m, which is why we classify it as a shrub form. Numerous thorny branches arch downward, creating a low, dense crown. The leaves are narrow, linear-lanceolate, green above, whitish-silver below due to thick felt pubescence.

Sea buckthorn fruits are a real storehouse of valuable substances. They are no larger in size than a cranberry; the juicy, fleshy pulp contains a small oblong dark seed. The fruits sit on very short stalks and fit tightly to the shoot. The pulp of ripe fruits tastes bitter, but, frozen by the first frosts, it loses its bitterness and becomes pleasantly sour-sweet. Sea buckthorn fruits are a highly valuable dietary food product. Jams, jams, and marshmallows are prepared from sea buckthorn berries. The seeds, bark and pulp of the plant's fruits contain sea buckthorn oil, which has special healing properties. It contains vitamins C, E, carotene, and multivitamins. It is successfully used for the treatment of external and especially internal non-healing ulcers, including stomach ulcers, as well as in gynecological practice, in the treatment of eyes, and radiation injuries.

Sea buckthorn is a winter-hardy plant, so it can be successfully grown in our climatic conditions.

Shrub plants belonging to fruit and berry crops are grown in household plots and summer cottages to obtain their fruits. The fruits of cherries, raspberries, rose hips, currants, bird cherry, gooseberries, and sea buckthorn contain a number of useful substances. From these fruits they make preserves, jams, compotes, jelly, decoctions, marmalade; they are dried, pickled, frozen to preserve their beneficial properties.

In addition, the fruits of fruit and berry bushes are used in folk and official medicine. Thus, rose hips and black currants are included in vitamin teas, bird cherry fruits are included in stomach tea, and raspberries are included in diaphoretic tea.

Shrubs, as well as tree plantings, in addition to their decorative and aesthetic value, reduce the concentration of harmful gases in the atmospheric air. If the concentration of pollutants is not too high, that is, it does not threaten the existence of the plant itself, it deposits these substances in its tissues and absorbs them. Thus, trees and shrubs growing in an industrial area polluted by sulfur dioxide have many times more sulfur content than those growing in unpolluted areas.

Trees and shrubs capture dust well - up to 70% of dust particles from the air. The dust is then washed off the leaves by rain and carried into the soil. Wind and rain restore the dust-collecting properties of foliage.

Trees and shrubs reduce air dust during the growing season by 42%, and during the leafless period - by 37.5%. An important indicator is the size of the filtering surface of trees and shrubs in the plantation. The filtering surface is formed by leaves, branches, and trunks. For 1 hectare this area can reach 50,000 – 150,000 sq. m. According to calculations, the leaf surface area is 10-15 times larger than the crown projection area.

Roadside protective strips reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide contained in vehicle exhaust gases.

In the city of Temirtau, tree species predominate in the total mass of tree and shrub plantations. Shrubs are in second place in terms of numbers and biomass. Shrubs grow in the form of hedges on the central street of the city - Republic Avenue. Green caragana hedges are common in the eastern part of the city: children's park, PTKL territory, st. Dimitrova, st. Builders; in social city - pl. them. Gagarin, in the old city in the area of ​​​​the right bank. There are green honeysuckle hedges on the street. Dimitrova, st. Builders, in the city children's park. Rosehip, lilac and cherry bushes are common in the courtyards of houses along the street. Kalinin, in the courtyard of secondary school No. 11.

The ability of shrubs to produce oxygen and purify the air from dust and harmful substances depends on the condition of the shrub plantings.

To determine the condition of shrub plantations in the eastern part of the city, we applied the method of V. A. Alekseev.

A significant part of the shrub plantings that we examined turned out to be in good, healthy condition, i.e. The crown of the bushes was dense, without damage, dry branches were rarely observed only in the lower part of the crown, and there were no pests. These are caragana and elm shrubs along Republic Ave., near the “Kazakhstan” store, the polytechnic college, in the park near the State House of Culture and the monument to the Metallurgists; honeysuckle and caragana bushes in the city children's park and on the street. Builders.

In the honeysuckle plantings along the street. Dimitrov in July, pest damage was noted, and severe damage - up to 60% of leaves - was observed in a row of bushes growing along the sidewalk. Plants of the second row, planted along the roadway, were less affected by pests. These shrubs are not trimmed. During the dry season, a significant amount of dust accumulates on their crowns, which protects the pedestrian part and windows of houses located on the street. Dimitrova.

Shrubs in our city are classified as artificial plantings. A characteristic feature is that these shrubs are already quite old, they are at least 25–30 years old. However, on the streets, in parks and squares of the city, not only is renovation not taking place, but also young shrubs are not being planted to replace dead or damaged ones. For example, in the city children's park "Vostok" on many alleys the distances between groups of bushes in the hedge are 1.5 - 2.0, and often 4 m.

In many houses in the city, the living spaces on the first floors have been converted into shops. Entrepreneurs arrange areas in front of stores, lay out tiles, sometimes plant flowers in flowerpots, but very rarely plant trees and shrubs. As a positive example, we can cite the planting of rosehip bushes near the ice cream cafe “Umka” on Respubliki Ave., and lilac bushes near the city bathhouse in the socialist city.

Meanwhile, many species of shrubs previously unknown in city landscaping are being imported into our city.

We studied the assortment of ornamental shrub plants sold for free sale in three stores in the city: “Yukka”, “Flora Design” and a store at the bus station. In 2004–2005, the following types of shrub plants were sold in city stores.

All shrubs are frost-resistant varieties. The store at the bus station has the largest sales volume; shrubs are brought here from Omsk. Plants are brought to the Yucca and Flora Design stores from Holland and Germany, so prices here are higher and sales volumes are correspondingly lower.

Shrubs are purchased mainly individually for cultivation in summer cottages and garden plots. Sellers note that regular customers have already appeared. These are people in whom one type of shrub has taken root, has given good growth, and they acquire new species or plants of the same species, but in larger quantities, and recommend them to their friends. Thus, the species and quantitative composition of shrub plants grown in our city is expanding.

Among the above-mentioned shrubs, cinquefoil or Kuril tea, honeysuckle, jasmine, chokeberry, mahonia holly, willow, white and pink spirea, serviceberry, tamarix, and mackerel are especially in great demand.

Cinquefoil bush or Kuril tea is a plant of the Rosaceae family. This is an abundantly branching shrub up to 1.5 m in height. There are various garden forms, differing mainly in the pubescence of the leaves and the color of the flowers. The flowers are 2–3 cm in diameter, regular, collected in terminal few-flowered corymbose or racemose inflorescences. The corolla is yellow, pale yellow or white. Used in row and group plantings, hedges. Prefers well-lit places.

Jasmine is a plant of the Hydrangeaceae family. This is a shrub up to 3 m in height, young shoots are yellowish or reddish brown. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, oval, sparsely toothed along the edges, glabrous above, pubescent along the veins below. Flowers are up to 4.5 cm in diameter, collected in terminal 5-7-flowered racemes. The petals of the corolla are white or cream. In landscaping there are a large number of varieties and garden forms with double flowers, yellow and white-edged leaves and other decorative features.

Chokeberry or chokeberry is a plant of the Rosaceae family. The homeland of chokeberry is the North American continent. The leaves of chokeberry resemble cherry leaves - simple, elliptical or reverse - ovoid in shape, hard to the touch and leathery. The leaf petiole and central vein are purple. By autumn, the purple color spreads to the entire leaf blade and then the chokeberry plantings burst into flames with a rich range of colors. White chokeberry flowers are collected in corymbose inflorescences of 15-25 flowers. It is pollinated by insects, but is also capable of self-pollination. The fruit of chokeberry is an apple. Inside each fruit there are 4-8 small, elongated light brown seeds. The Dakota and Delaware Indians have long treated burns with chokeberry juice and used flour from ground dry fruits for food, but the healing properties of this plant were unknown for a long time. Biochemical studies of chokeberry fruits have revealed that they contain a huge amount of vitamin P - 5 times more than an orange - a recognized record holder for rutin content. Rutin, together with ascorbic acid, ensures the strength and elasticity of the walls of blood vessels - capillaries, protecting them from fragility and excessive permeability, which can lead to interstitial hemorrhages. Aronia fruits also contain iodine, carotene, organic acids and pectin substances. Juice, preserves, jams, compotes, wines are obtained from chokeberry fruits; they are dried and frozen. The positive properties of this plant are also manifested in the fact that chokeberry produces phytoncides, i.e. substances that kill bacteria, and also practically does not suffer from diseases.

Mahonia holly is a plant of the Berberidaceae family. It is an evergreen shrub up to 1 m in height. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, shiny, leathery, oblong-oval. The flowers are yellow, fragrant, collected in terminal multi-flowered erect racemes. The fruits are bluish-black, spherical, fleshy, berry-shaped, up to 0.8 cm in diameter. There are forms with variegated and golden leaves.

Spiraea is a plant of the Rosaceae family. This is a shrub up to 150 cm in height. The shoots are round in cross section, brown in maturity, with flaky bark. The leaves are elliptical, oval or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, serrated only along the upper edge, glabrous or sparsely hairy. The flowers are white, 0.7 – 0.9 cm in diameter, collected in multi-flowered corymbose inflorescences on short leafy shoots of the current year. In the practice of landscaping, many garden hybrid forms of spirea are used, white-flowered and with large pink-lilac corymbose inflorescences. In many spireas, the foliage becomes colorful by autumn, complementing the overall decorative effect of the plants.

Irga is a plant of the Rosaceae family. It is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m in height. The bark is brownish or brownish-gray, scaly. The leaves are petiolate, oval or obovate, finely serrate along the edges. In autumn, the leaves turn beautiful orange-red tones. Flowers are up to 2.5 cm in diameter, collected in sparse, often drooping racemes. The corolla is white. The fruits are apple-shaped, black, slightly bluish, up to 1.2 cm in diameter. The fruits are edible. Used for single, group, edge plantings and for hedges.

Mackerel is a plant of the Sumacaceae family. This is a beautiful, tall, highly branched shrub with a dense spherical or umbrella-shaped crown. Green or reddish shoots have numerous light lenticels; milky juice is secreted at the break. The leaves are alternate, round, on long petioles, matte above, bluish-green, bluish below. In autumn, the crowns of the mackerel glow with all shades of red: they become orange-red, pink, scarlet, and dark purple. When rubbed, the leaves and shoots emit a tart odor reminiscent of lemon. Small greenish-yellow flowers are collected in loose panicles and appear in May–June. The plant is especially decorative after flowering, when the pedicels lengthen and become covered with pinkish-purple hairs. The panicles then look fluffy and turn into pink “clouds”. Mackerel is drought-resistant and not picky about soil. Photophilous, winter-hardy, tolerates air pollution well.

Elderberry is a plant of the honeysuckle family. This is a spreading shrub with gray or brownish-gray fissured bark, on which there are light brown lenticels. Young shoots are greenish in color. The core of the branches is white, soft, elastic. The leaves are dark green, imparipinnate, up to 35 cm long. When rubbed they emit an unpleasant odor. The flowers are small, fragrant, collected in thyroid-paniculate inflorescences up to 20 cm in diameter. The fruits are juicy, shiny, black-purple drupes, taste sourish-sweet, ripen from August to September. It grows quickly, is shade-tolerant, prefers moist, fertile soils, is drought-resistant, and tolerates smoke and industrial gases well. All parts of the plant have medicinal value and contain various organic acids and tannins. An infusion of flowers is taken for colds as a diaphoretic, and for liver diseases as a choleretic agent. All types of elderberry have ash elements, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium in their leaves. When leaves fall, these substances enter the soil and enrich it.

We absolutely love the nature of Kazakhstan. Our country has a great many unique and incredibly beautiful places. Today we invite you to take a look at some of them and enjoy the beautiful views.

Ak-Baur tract

In the Ak-Baur tract in Eastern Kazakhstan there is such a miracle - a natural opening in the “roof” of a grotto in the shape of a heart. It has traces of processing, perhaps it was corrected by a person who made a protrusion-front sight to record the movement of the main constellations of the night sky.

Olga Fadeeva

Mount Sherkala

This is a lonely mountain, about 170 kilometers from the city of Aktau, near the village of Shetpe. On the three-dimensional map, Shergala resembles a giant flying saucer that crashed.

Nomad Explorer

silkadv.com

Lake Kaindy

The lake is located in Kungey Alatau among a huge coniferous forest at an altitude of more than 2,000 thousand meters above sea level. Once upon a time, trees grew in its place; now they are in the middle of the lake itself, giving it an already extraordinary appearance.

photosafari.kz

autoblog.kz

Caspian Sea

The world's largest endorheic lake, which has the characteristics of both seas and lakes. In the past, the Caspian Sea, together with the Black Sea, was part of the Sarmatian Sea, which divided about 1 million years ago. The depth of the sea is 1025 meters, second only to Baikal and Tanganyika. At this depth, three Eiffel towers stacked on top of each other could be drowned.

photosafari.kz

Nurlyaiym Nursain

Chinks of Ustyurt

The Ustyurt Plateau is an ideal desert plain located in the west of Kazakhstan, between the Aral and Caspian seas. The plateau, like the Great Barrier Reef, is clearly visible from space. The total length of the chain of Ustyurt cliffs is several hundred kilometers.

photosafari.kz

photosafari.kz

Singing Dune (Akkum-Kalkan)

The mountain is made of light-colored sand, has a length of up to 3 kilometers and a height of 150 meters. This unique miracle of nature is located on the right bank of the Ili River. It is named so because in dry weather the sands produce a sound similar to the melody of an organ.

zagranitsa.com

easygo.kz

Akmeshit Cave

An underground cave in the South Kazakhstan region, which is also called “Akmeshit Aulienskaya”. This is a very amazing place. At the bottom of the cave there are huge plane trees and green grass. Birds fly inside. In addition, in “Akmeshit” the temperature is practically the same at any time of the year.

yvision.kz

semipalatinsk.admir.kz

Lake Kok-Kol

The lake, located in the Zhambyl region, has strange physical properties: the water in it is constantly fresh and “alive”, although not a single river or source flows into the lake. Hydrologists are thinking about a system of underground caves, but have not yet been able to thoroughly explore the lake: in some areas it is bottomless. Sometimes large funnels appear on the water, drawing in various floating objects. Often the smooth surface of the lake instantly turns into small ripples.

ca-news.org

decem.info

Kieli Agash (Aulie Agash)

A 700-year-old elm tree near Zharkent in the Almaty region. Since the tree is considered sacred, anyone can make a wish by clinging to the mighty trunk and tying a handkerchief to the branches that have drooped under the weight of time. The size of the scarves is directly proportional to the scale of the desire: the branches are decorated with ribbons, scarves and sometimes even a sheet.

idea37.info

silkadv.com

Barsakelmes Island

A disappeared island in the Aral Sea, now a tract. The name of the island “If you go, you won’t come back” is not accidental. There are so many legends and beliefs about this mysterious place that you won’t be able to verify them in your entire life, even with the greatest desire. The only thing that both fans and skeptics agree on is that the place does have some anomalies: sometimes UFOs are seen there, sometimes there are mysterious fogs, sometimes villages are built and disappear. It’s unclear what to believe.

kazakhstan.travel

Representatives of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management of Almaty published the TOP 10 recommended for planting trees in the city, transmits

1. Androsov elm (Ulmus x androssowii)

Tree up to 20 m high, with a very dense tent-shaped crown. Photophilous, but can grow in partial shade. Winter-hardy, prefers nutritious soils with moderate moisture.

Grows quickly and is drought resistant. Gas and smoke resistant.

2. Small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata)

Tree up to 30 m, with a compact oval crown. The flowers are fragrant. Winter-hardy, shade-tolerant. Sensitive to drought, moderately demanding to soil conditions.

It retains dust well. It withstands crown molding perfectly and is suitable for creating hedges.

3. Red maple (Acer rubrum)

Decorative tree up to 20 m tall with a large tent-shaped crown. Immature lionfish are bright red. Shade-tolerant. It is unpretentious to soils, but is demanding of their moisture, as well as air humidity.

Smoke-resistant, develops well in urban conditions. Propagated by seeds. Grows quickly. In autumn the foliage turns red.

4. Red-leaved cherry plum (Prunus cerassifera)

A tree from 6 to 12 m high with a dense oval-ovate crown and dark red leaves. Blooms in April with pink flowers.

The fruits are burgundy plums, small in size. Very tasty. Grows well in sun and partial shade in moist but well-drained fertile soils. It is better to plant in places protected from the wind.

5. European larch (Larix decidua)

Tall (25-30 m), beautiful, fast-growing coniferous tree with soft needles that fall off in the winter.

It has a well-developed root system that goes deep into the soil. Durable. Drought resistant. Photophilous. Smoke and gas resistant. Winter-hardy.

6. Common apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris)

A small tree or round shrub 5-8 m high with a wide-rounded crown. Heat-loving. Strengthens slopes well.

It is better to plant in well-lit places protected from the wind. In autumn the foliage turns orange.

7. Common hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata)

A large shrub up to 4 m high or a tree up to 5 m, with a thick, oval crown and thorny branches. The flowers are white or pink (depending on the variety). It grows slowly, is shade-tolerant, drought-resistant, unpretentious to soil, and develops successfully even on rocky soil.

Frost-resistant, tolerates cutting and shaping well. Susceptible to fire blight.

8. Prickly spruce (Picea pungens)

Height 25-35 m, crown cone-shaped. A moisture-loving crop that grows better in the sun, but retains its blue color in partial shade. Demanding on fertility and humidity of soil and air.

The needles are green, gray, blue and silver (depending on the variety). Considered resistant to dust and gas.

9. Willow pear (Pyrus salicifolia)

A low tree 8-10 m. The crown is broadly ovate. It is drought-resistant, undemanding to the soil, and even tolerates salinity and compaction. Smoke and gas resistant. It should be planted in areas protected from cold winds.

One of the favorite places for active recreation is Kazakhstan. Its mountains attract tourists. In winter people go snowboarding and skiing here, and in summer they go for walks and enjoy nature and clean air.

Trans-Ili Alatau

Trans-Ili Alatau is the highest and famous mountains in Kazakhstan. This unique place is located in the southeast of the republic. It is located in the northern part of the Tien Shan mountain system.

A ski resort is located in the gorge of the Trans-Ili Alatau. It pleases tourists all year round. Skiing is possible from December to April. It’s interesting that the organizers have thought out routes for experienced people and beginners, so everyone will find something to do. Besides this, there are many other entertainments here. For example, in the summer you can ride bicycles, horseback riding, play paintball, football, or test your strength at the climbing wall. But the most important thing is that the nature of the Trans-Ili Alatau will not leave anyone indifferent.

The Turgen Gorge is located here, which provides extraordinary picturesque nature. It is full of lakes and springs. Tourists are attracted by the waterfalls located in the gorge. There are also mounds, burial grounds, and paintings on rocks that were made thousands of years ago. History buffs come to this place to see these wonders with their own eyes.

Khan Tengri

In the center of the Tien Shan, where the borders of Kazakhstan, China, and Kyrgyzstan touch, is the peak of Khan Tengri. This is the largest mountain in Kazakhstan, the highest point, its height reaches 6995 meters. This place is considered one of the most beautiful in the republic. Almost every climber dreams of visiting here.

Khan Tengri differs from other mountains in the unusual beauty of its peak. It has the shape of a pyramid. When the sun rises and sets, it takes on a bright red hue. Because of this, in ancient times many legends were written about this place.

Since 2000, a new tradition has emerged. Every year they began to hold the International Festival on Mount Khan Tengri. Marathons and competitions between athletes of different types of mountain tourism take place here.

Dzungarian Alatau, Altai Mountains

Many tourists are amazed by their voluminous list. For example, in the southwest are the mountains of the Dzhungar Alatau. Here the nature is untouched by man, and this is what attracts you. This is a picturesque place where argali and goitered gazelles live. From ancient times, there have been paintings on the rocks, structures for rituals, and burial mounds.

There are other mountains in Kazakhstan. Photos of the Altai Mountains amaze with their beauty. The air here feels clean. Sanatoriums and hospitals were built in this place. To improve their health, people come to this part of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mountains are located in the east, and divide them into three regions.

Mount Belukha is considered the symbol of Altai. Its height is 4506 meters. Of all Altai and Siberia, this is the highest peak that is constantly covered with glaciers and snow. Various legends have been told about this place since ancient times. For Buddhists, this mountain is generally sacred. They believe that the gods of Shambhala once lived here. And later the great Buddha came from here to India.

Low mountains of Kazakhstan

There are other areas that distinguish Kazakhstan. Its mountains, even of small height, delight with their beauty. These include:

• The small hills of Saryarka, located in the center of the country.
• Mangystau Mountains, which are located near the Caspian Sea.
• The Mugodzhary stone ridge, which is located in the west of the Ural Mountains.

By the way, Saryarka is considered a resort area. Many tourists come here to have a good holiday. Other small hills include:

• Karkaraly Mountains;
• Chingiztau;
• Aksorgan;
• Upytau.

But the lowest point in Kazakhstan is located in the Mangystau Mountains. It is located 132 meters below sea level.

Animals in the mountains of Kazakhstan

The animals of the mountains of Kazakhstan surprise with their diversity. Live here:

• 490 species of birds;
• more than 100 species of fish;
• 172 species of mammals, 51 of reptiles;
• 12 different species of amphibians.

There are also very rare life forms in Kazakhstan. This is the Danatine toad, the Alai gologla. And:

• argali;
• Snow Leopard;
• Turkestan lynx.

In order to preserve the fauna, a large number of protected areas were established. Their goal is to preserve natural nature, its life, and provide the best conditions for the development of animals and plants. Rare species have found a place to live here.

Plants

The plants of the mountains of Kazakhstan stand out for their beauty. There are many coniferous forests here, which occupy most of the mountainous area. There are also aspen, birch, juniper, and apple trees. Alpine and subalpine meadows are located on the high mountains. Many medicinal plants grow here. There are about 250 species of them. And in the south you can find a unique plant -

bighorn sheep

Many animals live in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mountains have their own calling card - the bighorn sheep. He has large horns that are curled into a ring. The ram lives in those rocky places that are difficult to reach. It is very beautiful and feeds on vegetation. In addition, sheep eat dry mushrooms, in which insect larvae reproduce. Such food is a source of protein for this animal. Researchers who observed the animals did not notice a single fight between males, although they have strong horns.

Irbis

The snow leopard lives in the mountains of Central Asia. He is a rock climber, so he loves to live on mountain tops. It is also called the snow leopard. The animal is very beautiful, has a leopard coloration on a gray background. Its skin is dense and its fur is long. Because of this, he is often hunted.

The animal belongs to the cat family. This animal is included in the Red Book, as the number of snow leopards has decreased significantly. People have not yet studied well how this predator behaves, since it lives solitary. The animal is considered strong and proud.

Animal yak

Where the high mountains are located, these very strong, massive ones live. They are also grown at home to transport goods. Yak gives milk. The animal has thick wool, which is used to make yarn. Some nomads use yaks in mountainous areas in the following countries:

• Kazakhstan;
• Mongolia;
• India;
• Nepal;
• Uzbekistan;
• China.

Yaks also live in the wild; this species is not adapted to living near humans. Their number is decreasing every year. Such animals grow more massive than domestic yaks.

Saker falcon

The saker falcon has been studied by professional hunters. They took them from their nests and tamed them for hunting. Later they were used to catch birds.

The saker falcon lives in the wild in Altai and Trans-Ili Alatau.

Blue spruce

The mountain ranges of the Trans-Ili Alatau are decorated with blue spruce trees. These are very tall trees that reach 40-50 meters. They lean over the abysses of the mountains. Spruce trees are very hardy, as they are not afraid of even severe frosts. After harsh alpine winters, they proudly continue to live near the rocks.

By the way, blue spruce trees are often planted in public gardens and city parks, although in their natural environment their place of residence is high in the mountains. Sometimes they are located in areas that are 3000 meters above sea level.

Edelweiss

Many legends describe it as a symbol of courage, luck and love. This plant can be seen in the high mountains of Asia and Europe, including Kazakhstan. In such an area the sun is very hot, but the flower has protective small fibers. Thanks to this, moisture does not evaporate much. Previously, it was difficult to get to edelweiss, but now many people grow it near their country houses.

So, many tourists are visited by thoughts about what mountains there are in Kazakhstan. This republic is full of mountainous terrain, which gives extraordinary nature, amazing flora and fauna. Any person who visits here will remember this beauty for a long time.