Demo version of the OGE in biology this year. Demo versions of the exam in biology

In 2017, a new model of the KIM Unified State Examination in Biology was adopted, aimed at increasing the diversity of tested aspects of biological training of graduates.

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts. The tasks in the variant are presented in continuous numbering mode. The structure of the examination paper has been optimized:

1. The number of tasks in the examination paper has been reduced from 40 to 28.
2. In Part 1, new types of tasks are proposed, which differ significantly in the types of educational actions: to fill in the missing elements of a diagram or table, to find errors in a drawing, to analyze and synthesize information, to analyze graphs and tables with statistical data.
3. The maximum number of primary points has been slightly reduced: from 61 in 2016 to 59 in 2017.
4. The time to complete the job has been increased from 180 to 210 minutes.

In Part 2, the number and types of tasks with detailed answers remained unchanged - 7 tasks.

Particular emphasis is placed on the formation of methods of activity: mastering methodological skills; application of knowledge in explaining biological processes and phenomena, mastering the skills to solve biological problems. Testing the skills of working with biological information is carried out through its presentation in various ways (in the form of texts, drawings, diagrams, tables, graphs, diagrams).

In 2017, it is planned to exclude all tasks with a choice of one answer from the Unified State Examination in Biology. This is explained by the presence of the following significant shortcomings in them: the uniformity of the form of presentation of the content being tested, the inability to create tasks of a problematic or creative nature; lack of capacity to test students' practical skills; difficulty in identifying true gaps in mastering the content among Unified State Examination participants. A significant disadvantage of tasks with a choice of one answer is also the presence of an element of chance, guessing the correct answer.

As a comparative analysis of the Unified State Examination results over the past two years has shown, the reduction in the number of tasks in the examination paper with the choice of one correct answer from 36 to 25 did not lead to a noticeable decrease in Unified State Examination results. The share of USE participants in biology who did not score the minimum number of points remains approximately at the same level, within the limits of statistically acceptable errors.

Significant modernization in the form and structure of the CMM required adjusting the approaches to constructing the examination paper and including tasks of a new format.

In Part 1 of the new format exam paper, only short-answer tasks have been retained, but their number has been increased, and in some cases the form of their presentation has been significantly changed compared to previous years. It is known that tasks with a short answer allow not only to test a larger volume of content of an academic subject, but most importantly, to provide for the assessment of general academic and subject skills (comparison, generalization, classification, systematization, explanation, solving educational and practical problems, etc.), which corresponds to modern trends in the development of general education.

Along with the preservation of existing tasks, new biological tasks appeared, and the range of tasks with drawings expanded.

As an example of a modernized task, we give task 3 (here and below are tasks from the project of the CMM demonstration version).

This is a computational biological problem. The task was created on the basis of tasks with a choice of one answer that are traditional for the KIM Unified State Exam in biology. In the new edition, the Unified State Exam participant, based on knowledge of genetic information and the chromosomal set of somatic and germ cells, independently carries out all the necessary calculations.

As an example of a task for working with a drawing, we give task 4.

The peculiarity of this task model is that the person being certified is asked to derive two of its characteristic features from a “blind” image of an object (there are no captions for the picture). Moreover, one of the signs given in the task tests knowledge of the morphology of the object, while the second tests knowledge of properties or functions. Such tasks test, in addition to the ability to work with visual information, knowledge in the field of the cell and its vital functions.

Along with well-known or modernized types of tasks, the examination paper includes completely new tasks that test the mastery of the conceptual apparatus by filling in gaps in diagrams, tables, working with graphs, tables, histograms, etc. All of them are aimed at strengthening the activity basis and making the examination work more practice-oriented.

As an example of such tasks, task 1 can serve.

This task allows you to test not only knowledge of the conceptual apparatus of the biology course, but also the ability to establish the subordination and hierarchy of terms (concepts), as well as their internal logical connection.

Let's consider examples of tasks (task 21) for working with information presented in graphical or tabular form, a task for analyzing research results.

It seems that with the help of such tasks it is possible to ensure that graduates have developed the fundamentals of a holistic scientific picture of the world and the ability to analyze, evaluate and generalize scientific information.

The new model of the KIM Unified State Exam is consistent with the existing model of the Unified State Exam 9 in biology. Certain types of tasks, which in a modernized form will be included in the KIM in 2017, have been successfully tested for many years during the certification of students in basic general education programs and are available in the open bank of OGE tasks. They can become the basis for preparing students for the Unified State Exam in biology in the coming academic year.

As an example of continuity, task 9 can serve.

In the OGE, with the help of such tasks, knowledge of the structure, life activity and significance of animal and plant organisms is tested. In the new model of the Unified State Exam KIM, bacteria and viruses will be added to these objects.

In general, in the exam model of the Unified State Exam 2017, the objects of control, as in previous years, are the knowledge and skills that form the invariant core of the content of the biology course in primary and secondary schools, its sections “Plants”, “Bacteria, fungi, lichens”, “Animals” ", "Man and his health", "General biology". These sections are presented in the Codifier in the form of seven content blocks and requirements for the level of training of graduates of educational organizations for the 2017 unified state exam in biology.

SADIKOV BORIS FAGIMOVICH, Ph.D., Associate Professor. Preparation for the Unified State Exam in 2019 via Skype. [email protected]; +7 (927) 32-32-052

Changes in the Unified State Examination in Biology in 2017

Posted on 10.09.2016 by Boris Sadykov

Hello, dear readers of the biology tutor blog via Skype.

Finally, I have the opportunity to give an intelligible answer to your many questions about changes in the Unified State Examination in biology in 2017.

Rumors have long been circulating that “a significant innovation for 11th grade graduates will be the abandonment of the TEST form of final exam assignments in three disciplines: physics, chemistry, biology. This major change in exam format is an attempt to reduce the ability to intuitively guess the correct answer.”

Yes, yes, very absurd rumors that the test part will supposedly be deleted.

Was the Unified State Exam bad in its previous form?

The rumors were reinforced by the fact that even from the very inception of the Unified State Exam, as a form of certification of students, which allows students to be enrolled in a university based on the results of passing the Unified State Exam, this form of exam was criticized for the fact that it allegedly would not be able to ensure the normal acquisition of knowledge, leading only to “training” "on memorization rather than understanding the material.

But only those who themselves had never taught at school or university could think so. From the very beginning, the exam in the form of the Unified State Exam included, in addition to test parts (), necessary to test students’ knowledge of a huge terminological base, also ( estimated to be three times more expensive than Part A).

Therefore, no matter how much space the Part A tests took up in the examination paper, the points obtained by simply guessing the correct answer (and the chance of guessing is quite large - 25%) was still not enough even to pass the barrier of three.

The Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) dispels all rumors

On August 26, 2016, FIPI on its official website published projects documents regulating the structure and content of control measuring materials of the Unified State Exam 2017.

Let's look Codifier. There are no . In order to prepare well for the exam, you must, as before, study biology comprehensively in the following 7 blocks:

First block“Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge" controls material about the achievements of biology, research methods, and the main levels of organization of living nature.

Second block“The Cell as a Biological System” contains tasks that test: knowledge about the structure, life activity and diversity of cells; the ability to establish the relationship between the structure and functions of cell organelles, recognize and compare cells of different organisms, the processes occurring in them.

Third block“Organism as a biological system” controls the assimilation of knowledge about the laws of heredity and variability, about the ontogenesis and reproduction of organisms, about the selection of organisms
and biotechnology, and also reveals the level of mastery of the ability to apply biological knowledge when solving problems in genetics.

In the fourth The block “System and diversity of the organic world” tests: knowledge about the diversity, structure, life activity and reproduction of organisms of various kingdoms of living nature and viruses;
the ability to compare organisms, characterize and determine their belonging to a specific systematic taxon.

Fifth block“The human body and its health” is aimed at determining the level of mastery of the system of knowledge about the structure and vital functions of the human body.

To the sixth block“Evolution of Living Nature” includes tasks aimed at controlling: knowledge about the species, driving forces, directions and results of the evolution of the organic world; skills to explain the main aromorphoses in the evolution of flora and fauna, to establish the relationship between the driving forces and results of evolution.

Seventh block“Ecosystems and their inherent patterns” contains tasks aimed at testing: knowledge about environmental patterns, the circulation of substances in the biosphere; skills to establish relationships between organisms in ecosystems, identify causes of sustainability,
self-development and change of ecosystems.

But there are indeed changes in the 2017 CMM compared to the 2016 CMM ( see Demo versions, specifications, Unified State Exam codifiers 2017. Biology)

These changes mainly concern the optimization of the very structure of the examination paper :

1. Tasks in the form of one digit corresponding to the number of the correct answer are excluded.
2. The total number of tasks has been reduced from 40 to 28.
3. The maximum primary score has been reduced from 61 to 59.
4. The duration of the examination work has been increased from 180 to 210 minutes.
5. Part 1 includes new types of tasks that differ significantly in the types of learning activities : filling in the missing elements of a diagram or table, finding the correctly indicated symbols in the figure, analyzing and synthesizing information, including that presented in the form of graphs, diagrams and tables with statistical data.

New structure of KIM Unified State Exam in 2017

Thus, each version of the CMM exam paper now contains only 28 tasks and consists of 2 parts, varying in form and level of complexity.

Part 1 contains 21 tasks:

Most tasks (7 tasks), as before, with choosing from ready-made answers. This is what was previously included in the part A. Only now students are asked to choose not 1 correct answer out of 4 proposed, but 2-3 answers out of 5-7 proposed.

This, in fact, is where all the fuss lies about the rumors about eliminating the test part from the exams. As we see, only the former part has been shortened and changed A. Test tasks related earlier to the part IN, it became even more:

6 tasks - to establish compliance;
3 tasks - to establish the sequence of biological processes, phenomena, objects, systematic taxa;
2 tasks - to solve biological problems in cytology and genetics;
1 task – to supplement the missing information in the diagram;
1 task – to complete the missing information in the table;
1 task - to analyze information presented in graphical or tabular form ((these last three types of tasks are completely new for the Unified State Exam, so students and biology tutors should pay special attention to how to answer them).

You should be very, very scrupulous in filling out the answer forms for the examination work of Part 1 (do not leave any cells missing), since this test part of the work, as before, is assessed by a “ruthless” computer.

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with detailed answers.

In these tasks, as before, the answer is formulated and written down by the examinee independently in detailed form. The tasks of this part of the work are essentially aimed at identifying biological talents - graduates with a very high level of biological training.

The table below shows how tasks from various blocks of the Codifier are distributed in the exam paper in Part 1 and Part 2.

As you can see, all sections of biology in Part 1 and Part 2 of any version of the examination paper should be distributed equally. That is, there should not be any “distortions” in terms of the fact that in some version there would be, for example, a lot of botany, and in another there would be a lot of human biology.

The table below shows the maximum number of primary points that can now be obtained for the first and second parts of the examination paper.

We see, as before, students have the opportunity to receive O the largest share in the assessment (66%) is for test part of the work(this answers the question that tests will be canceled starting from 2017).

conclusions

The strategy itself in preparation for passing the Unified State Exam in biology in 2017 should. It is necessary to study biology using various school textbooks and reference materials within the framework of the same main 7 sections of the Codifier.

Since the test part of the examination paper has undergone significant changes, now, “without delaying it,” you should study it very carefully Demo version of KIM Unified State Exam 2017 of the year. Pay special attention to the correct completion of the answer forms for the assignments presented in the new form.

In general, I can state that passing the biology exam in 2017 will be much more difficult than before (there is no longer the opportunity to get completely “free” points for simply guessing). It will be more difficult to achieve both the minimum threshold and get the maximum number of points. But, the main thing is that the versions of the examination papers themselves do not differ much from each other in complexity, so that all applicants are placed in approximately equal conditions.

***********************************************************************************************

*************************************************************************

Good luck in studying biology and preparing for exams. Anyone who has questions for the biology tutor via Skype regarding this article, please ask in the comments.

J. FIPI. Open Unified State Exam task bankI. Unified State Exam (USE) | Unified State Examination in biology new tests in 2017 answers to USE tests in biologybiology test answersanswers in biology to questions from the FIPI Open Task Bankbiology answers to FIPI assignmentsOpen Unified State Exam task bankBiology tutor via Skype |

The 2019 state final certification in biology for graduates of the 9th grade of general education institutions is carried out to assess the level of general education training of graduates in this discipline. The tasks test knowledge of the following sections of biology:

The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people.
The cellular structure of organisms as proof of their relationship, the unity of living nature.
Signs of organisms. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Kingdom of Bacteria. Kingdom of Mushrooms.
Kingdom of Plants.
Animal Kingdom.
General plan of the structure and life processes. Similarities between humans and animals and differences from them. Reproduction and development of the human body.
Neurohumoral regulation of vital processes of the body.
Support and movement.
Internal environment.
Transport of substances.
Nutrition. Breath.
Metabolism. Selection. Covers of the body.
Sense organs.
Psychology and human behavior.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and rules of a healthy lifestyle. Techniques for providing first aid.
The influence of environmental factors on organisms.
Ecosystem organization of living nature. Biosphere. The doctrine of the evolution of the organic world.

In this section you will find online tests that will help you prepare to take the OGE (GIA) in biology. We wish you success!

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2019 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2017 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2016 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2015 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 22 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

one correct option.

When completing tasks A1-A24, select only one correct option.

SPECIFICATION
control measuring materials
Unified State Exam 2017 in BIOLOGY

1. Purpose of KIM Unified State Exam

The Unified State Exam (hereinafter referred to as the Unified State Exam) is a form of objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have mastered educational programs of secondary general education, using tasks of a standardized form (control measurement materials).

The Unified State Examination is conducted in accordance with the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation.”

Control measuring materials make it possible to establish the level of mastery by graduates of the Federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education in biology, the basic and specialized level.

The results of the unified state exam in biology are recognized by educational organizations of secondary vocational education and educational organizations of higher education.
professional education as the results of entrance tests in biology.

2. Documents defining the content of the Unified State Exam KIM

3. Approaches to selecting content and developing the structure of the Unified State Exam KIM

The basis for the development of the Unified State Exam KIM is the invariant core of the content of biological education, which is reflected in the Federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education, various sample programs and textbooks recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia for use in the implementation of state-accredited educational programs of secondary general education in biology.
KIM Unified State Exam tests graduates’ mastery of knowledge and skills in the main sections of the biology course: “Plants”, “Bacteria. Mushrooms. Lichens”, “Animals”, “Man and his health”, “General biology”. This allows the test to cover the main content of the course and ensure the content validity of the CMM. The content of the KIM Unified State Exam does not go beyond the scope of the high school biology course and does not depend on what program and what textbook is taught in a particular educational organization.

The examination work is dominated by tasks in the “General Biology” section, since it integrates and generalizes the factual knowledge acquired in basic school, and examines general biological patterns that manifest themselves at different levels of the organization of living nature. These include: cellular, chromosomal, evolutionary theories; laws of heredity and variability; ecological patterns of biosphere development.

Assignments that control the degree of mastery of knowledge and skills cover the most significant issues in the content of the biology course and test the graduates’ level of scientific worldview and biological competence.

4. Structure of KIM Unified State Exam

Each version of the CMM examination paper contains 28 tasks and consists of two parts that differ in form and level of complexity. Part 1 contains 21 tasks:

7 - multiple choice with or without a picture;
6 - to establish correspondence with or without a picture;
3 - to establish the sequence of systematic taxa, biological objects, processes, phenomena;
2 - to solve biological problems in cytology and genetics;
1 - to supplement the missing information in the diagram;
1 - to supplement the missing information in the table;
1 - to analyze information presented in graphical or tabular form.

The answer to the tasks of Part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a word (phrase), number or sequence of numbers written without spaces or separating characters.

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with detailed answers. In these tasks, the answer is formulated and written down by the examinee independently in detailed form. The tasks of this part of the work are aimed at identifying graduates with a high level of biological training.

In part 1, tasks 1-21 are grouped into content blocks presented in the codifier, which provides more accessible
perception of information. In part 2, tasks are grouped depending on the types of learning activities being tested and in accordance with thematic affiliation.

OPTION 1

2. Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Examples of what scientific methods are illustrated by the plot of the painting by the Dutch artist J. Steen “Pulse”?

1) abstraction

2) modeling

3) experiment

4) measurement

5) observation

3. What function do nucleic acids perform in a cell?

1) are the keepers of hereditary information

2) carry out homeostasis

3) transfer hereditary information from the nucleus to the ribosome

4) participate in protein synthesis

5) are part of the cell membrane

6) perform a signaling function

4. What processes occur during prophase of the first meiotic division?

		formation of two nuclei
		divergence of homologous chromosomes
		metaphase plate formation
		bringing together homologous chromosomes
		exchange of regions of homologous chromosomes
		chromosome spiralization

5. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the cell organelle for which it is characteristic.

SIGN

ORGANOID

	presence of two membranes
	breakdown of organic substances to CO 2 and H 2 O
	presence of hydrolytic enzymes
	digestion of cell organelles
	energy storage in ATP
	formation of digestive vacuoles in protozoa

6. Determine the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring of a monohybrid crossing of two heterozygous organisms with incomplete dominance. Write down the answer as a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenotypes,starting with the dominant phenotype.

7. What patterns are characteristic of modification variability?

		Variability has an individual character.
		Variability serves as a reserve for microevolution.
		Signs in individuals develop within the normal range of reaction.
		Variability is formed when the number of chromosomes changes.
		The same genotype under different environmental conditions produces different phenotypes.
		Variation is not associated with changes in genes and chromosomes.

CHARACTERISTIC		TYPE OF VARIABILITY

9. Establish a correspondence between the structure of a flower and the method of pollination of such a flower: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

STRUCTURE OF A FLOWER

POLLINATION METHOD

	bright large corolla
	flowering and pollination occurs before leaves appear
	flowers contain nectaries
	pistil with a fluffy large stigma
	stamens on long filaments
	flowers have a smell

	by the wind
	insects

10. Mosses, unlike angiosperms,

		are phototrophs
		have no fabrics
		don't have a flower
		reproduce by spores
		have rhizoids
		form germ cells

12. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

Connective tissue of the human body

		represented by blood, lymph, cartilage
		lines the mucous membranes of the stomach and oral cavity
		can be liquid or solid
		has excitability and conductivity
		has a weakly defined intercellular substance
		performs a transport function

EXAMPLES

TYPES OF REFLEXES

	baby's sucking movements in response to the touch of his lips
	constriction of the pupil illuminated by the bright sun
	performing hygiene procedures before bed
	sneezing when dust enters the nasal cavity
	salivation due to the clinking of dishes when setting the table
	roller skating

	tie the tourniquet in a knot and tighten it with a wooden twist stick
	Place a sterile gauze bandage on the wound surface and bandage it
	attach a piece of paper to the tourniquet indicating the time of its application
	free your forearm from clothing
	place a soft cloth above the wound site and a rubber band on top of it

15. It is known that the potato or tuberous nightshade, a type of herbaceous plant, is the most important food, industrial and fodder crop.

Using this information, select statements from the list below that describe these characteristics of this organism.

Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answer in the table.

Potato is a herbaceous plant with a bare ribbed stem and odd-pinnate leaves.
The homeland of potatoes is the coast of Chile and Peru.
Europeans did not know the potato until 1565, before the Spanish visited South America.
Until the end of the 18th century, potatoes were cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Starch, molasses and alcohol are obtained from potato tubers.
Potatoes are used for fattening farm animals.

16. Establish a correspondence between the example and the factor of anthropogenesis for which it is characteristic.

EXAMPLE		ANTHROPOGENESIS FACTOR

17 . In an agrocenosis, unlike a natural ecosystem,

		additional energy sources other than solar are used
		there is a closed cycle of substances
		inhabited by a small number of species of producers
		all functional groups are represented: producers, consumers, decomposers
		power circuits are short
		natural selection is at work

18. Match the example with the group of environmental factors it illustrates.

EXAMPLE

GROUP OF FACTORS

	biotic
	abiotic

19. Establish the sequence of evolutionary processes of formation of the main groups of animals that occurred on Earth, in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table

20 . Insert into the text “Similarity of mushrooms with plants and animals” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.

SIMILARITY OF MUSHROOMS TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mushrooms combine characteristics of both plants and animals. Like plants, mushrooms are immobile and constantly growing. On the outside, their cells, like plant cells, are covered with ___________ (A). Inside the cell they lack green ___________ (B). Fungi are similar to animals in that they do not store ___________(B) in their cells and they feed on ready-made organic substances. The cell wall of fungi includes ___________(D).

LIST OF TERMS:

1) plasma membrane 2) cell wall 3) plastids 4) Golgi complex

5) mitochondria 6) starch 7) glycogen 8) chitin

21. P Using the table “Nutritional value of some fish” and knowledge from the field of biology, choose the correct statements

1) Salmon contains the highest proportion of proteins compared to other fish.

2) Sprat contains the largest proportion of fats compared to other fish.

4) Vobla is the lowest calorie fish.

5) All of these fish are representatives of the Herring order.

Part 2

22. Why is it not recommended to store wet seeds in a granary? What's happening to them?

23. What are the formations on the roots of the plant shown? What type of relationships between organisms does the picture illustrate? Explain the significance of this relationship for both organisms.

24. Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.

1. Fungi and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes. 2. Among the fungi there is a wide variety: yeast, molds, cap mushrooms, etc. 3. A common feature of multicellular fungi is the formation of a vegetative body from thin branching filaments that form a mycelium. 4. A fungal cell has a cell wall consisting of chitin and membrane organelles. 5. Glycogen is a reserve nutrient. 6. Mushrooms have an autotrophic type of nutrition. 7. Fungal growth stops after the spores mature.

25. What functions does the nervous system perform in the human body? Give at least three functions. Explain your answer.

26. Flounder is a bottom-dwelling fish, adapted to life in the seas, blending into the background of the seabed. Name the type of coloration and explain its significance, as well as the relative nature of fitness.

27. The chromosome set of somatic potato cells is 48. Determine the chromosome set and the number of DNA molecules in cells during meiosis in prophase of meiosis I and metaphase of meiosis II. Explain all your results.

28. In homozygous sheep, the gray color gene causes the death of embryos. In the first crossbreeding of sheep with gray coat color and horns, some of the offspring turned out to have black coat and were hornless. In the second cross between sheep with gray coat color, horned (homozygous), the offspring with gray coat color, horned and with black coat color, horned, were obtained in a ratio of 2: 1. The genes are not linked. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of parental individuals, genotypes and phenotypes of possible offspring in crosses. Explain the phenotypic cleavages of the offspring of two crosses.

OPTION 2

Consider the diagram. Write down the missing term in the diagram, indicated by a question mark.

Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. The ringing method is used for

1) determining the timing and routes of bird migration

2) studying the mechanisms of bird flight at different altitudes

3) determining the behavioral characteristics of poultry

4) assessing the damage caused to humans by birds

5) determining the life expectancy of birds

3. They have a diploid set of chromosomes

		epidermal cells of birch leaves
		cod intestine cells
		female gametes of flowering plants
		male cat gametes
		monkey nerve cells
		coli

4. Prokaryotic cells are different from eukaryotic cells

		presence of ribosomes
		lack of mitochondria
		lack of a formal core
		presence of a plasma membrane
		lack of organelles of movement
		presence of a circular DNA molecule

5. Establish a correspondence between the structure of the organelle and its appearance.

STRUCTURE

TYPE OF ORGANoid

	consists of two perpendicularly located cylinders
	consists of two subunits
	Formed by microtubules
	contains proteins that ensure chromosome movement
	contains proteins and nucleic acid

6. Determine the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring when crossing females and males with AaBb genotypes, taking into account that the genes are not linked to each other and complete dominance is observed. Write down the answer as a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenotypes,in descending order.

7. The reasons for combinative variability include

		random combination of gametes during fertilization
		changes in the structure of individual chromosomes
		recombination of genes as a result of crossing over
		change in the nucleotide composition of the ring chromosome
		loss of a triplet of nucleotides during replication
		combination of non-homologous chromosomes in meiosis

8. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of variability and its type.

CHARACTERISTIC

TYPE OF VARIABILITY

	occurs in genetically identical individuals
	occurs when germ cells merge
	has a group character of changes in the characteristic
	determined by the limits of the reaction norm of the genotype
	corresponds to a change in the action of an environmental factor
	based on independent chromosome segregation during meiosis

BUILDING FEATURES

CLASS ARTHROPODA

	arachnids
	insects

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

10. Plants that do not have roots include

		cuckoo flax
		horsetail
		male shieldweed
		club moss
		sphagnum
		Laminaria

11 . Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

12. The human heart muscle is characterized

		the presence of transverse striations
		abundance of intercellular substance
		spontaneous rhythmic contractions
		presence of spindle cells
		numerous connections between cells
		absence of nuclei in cells

15. It is known that the common mole is a soil mammal that feeds on animal food. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that describe these characteristics of this animal. Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers in the table.

1) The body length of animals is 18–26.5 cm, and their weight is 170–319 g.

2) Adult animals are quarrelsome with each other, attack relatives who come into their area and can bite them to death.

3) The offspring of moles are born blind, naked and helpless. At this time, the female feeds him with milk.

4) The nesting chamber is located at a depth of 1.5–2 m.

5) Along river valleys, the mole penetrates to the north to the middle taiga, and to the south to typical steppes.

6) The mole feeds on earthworms, and in smaller quantities eats slugs, insects and their larvae.

17. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. In a mixed forest ecosystem, a symbiotic relationship is established between

Psilophytes

Multicellular algae

Angiosperms

Ferns

20. Insert into the text “Vital activity of a plant” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.

VITAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PLANT

The plant receives water in the form of a soil solution through the ___________ (A) root. The above-ground parts of the plant, mainly ___________ (B), on the contrary, through special cells - ___________ (C) evaporate a significant amount of water. In this case, water is used not only for evaporation, but also as a starting material for the formation of organic substances during the process ___________ (D).

LIST OF TERMS:

1) respiration 2) root cap 3) root hair 4) leaf

5) shoot 6) stem 7) stomata 8) photosynthesis

21. Using the table “Acidity of juices and secretions in the human digestive tract” and knowledge of the biology course, select the correct statements:

2) With heartburn, the pH of the esophagus drops sharply.

3) An empty (fasting) stomach has the most alkaline environment.

4) During a fast, there is a risk of developing a duodenal ulcer.

5) In the acidic environment of the stomach, carbohydrates are broken down better.

Part 2.

22. It is known that at high ambient temperatures the skin of the face turns red, and at low temperatures it turns pale. Explain why this happens.

23. Name the organism shown in the figure and the kingdom to which it belongs. What is indicated by numbers 1, 2? What is the role of these organisms in the ecosystem?

24. Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them.

1. G. Mendel is rightfully considered the founder of genetics. 2. He found that during a monohybrid crossing, the characteristics are split in a ratio of 3: 1. 3. During a dihybrid crossing, the characters are split in the second generation in a ratio of 1: 2: 1. 4. Such splitting occurs if the genes are located on non-homologous chromosomes. 5. T. Morgan established that if genes are located on the same chromosome, then traits are inherited exclusively together, that is, linked. 6. Such genes form a linkage group. 7. The number of linkage groups is equal to the diploid set of chromosomes.

25. What is the role of mitochondria in metabolism? Which tissue - muscle or connective tissue - contains more mitochondria? Explain why.

26. What is the negative impact of human activity on the flora of the biosphere? Give at least four examples and explain their impact.

27. The karyotype of one fish species is 56 chromosomes. Determine the number of chromosomes during spermatogenesis in the cells of the growth zone and in the cells of the maturation zone at the end of the first division. Explain what processes occur in these zones.

28. In humans, deafness is an autosomal, recessive trait; color blindness is a recessive trait linked to sex (Xd). A woman healthy according to these two characteristics married a man suffering from deafness and color blindness. They had a daughter with good hearing and color blindness and a son who was deaf and color blind. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, all possible genotypes and phenotypes of the children. Determine the probability of having children suffering from both anomalies. What gender will they be? Indicate their genotypes.

Seal

Also interesting:

Task 15 in Russian

Demo versions of the exam in biology

The rule for using the phrase there is (there are)

We recommend reading:

2023-12-29 20:37:48

Smart words in English with translation

2023-12-29 20:37:48

The most spectacular natural phenomena

2023-12-29 20:37:48

English words on the topic “Cinema”

Continuing the topic:

Education

The best audio fairy tales in English for children and adults: with supporting texts and useful tips

Greetings, my dear readers. I always say that learning should be interesting for children. Would you like me to share another method that I actively practice with my...