Why did slang take the place of normal words? Youth slang

Youth culture is its own world, unlike anything else. He differs from an adult in his expressive, sometimes even harsh and rude, manner of expressing thoughts, feelings, a certain verbal absurdity that can only be used by young people, brave and decisive, opposed to the whole world and who have created their own unique world. As a consequence of this, the emergence of youth slang.

Jargon (French jargon) is a set of features of colloquial speech that arises among people in similar professional and living conditions, united by common interests, spending time together

We can conditionally distinguish a certain general jargon and various varieties of jargon vocabulary - youth, professional, army and many others. General jargon is that layer of modern slang vocabulary that, while not belonging to individual social groups, is used (or at least understood) by native speakers of the Russian literary language. Its sources are, on the one hand, the jargon of different social groups, and on the other, various thematic groups of words in the Russian language and other languages.

What features can be noted in youth slang? Let's start with the fact that the slang of young people, like general jargon, is heterogeneous; it covers almost all spheres of life. Jargon is focused on a person - the spheres of his life, relationships with other people. It often happens that slang words used by young people “move” into the speech of adults and become an integral part of it.

Slang is divided into many groups, each of which has certain characteristics. For example:

1. Army jargon	Turned brown, bullied, demobilization, stomach, earth, grandfather, new guy
2. Sailors' jargon	Beska, hydrosoldier, box
3. Sports jargon	Spartachi, feint
4. Jargon of people associated with the musical environment	Basukha, drumer, mouzon, raft, pleshak, plywood
5. Jargon of the “new Russians”, representatives of criminal structures	Bratello, bro, cool, bro, throw, run over, gang, shoot an arrow, presenting
6. Rocker slang	Potty, mitts, rockman
7. Biker slang	Leather jacket, Harley
8. Hippie slang	Hairy, hippie
9. Vocabulary related to gay people	Geika, goma, blueness, homosexual, lesbian, lesbian, bi
10. Vocabulary associated with Hare Krishnas, yoga fans	Bent, yoganut

What influences youth slang?

1. Development of computer technology

The Internet, its wide possibilities, and rapidly developing computer technologies have always attracted young people. In this regard, many new jargons appear. Here are some of them:

Virus - computer virus, tyrnet, natik - Internet, emoticons - funny faces in chats, system glitch, buggy - computer problems, soap - e-mail, throw off - leave a message, joke - send letters by e-mail, fleas - errors in the program

Photojaba - Photoshop, RAM - operating system, mouse - computer mouse

User - computer user, gamer - player, windows - pop-up windows, hardware, pieces of hardware - computer, mess - play.

2. Modern musical culture

One of the hobbies of young people is music. It is part of the lives of young people. Modern music is a mixture of different cultures, musical styles, the result of composer experiments.

Youth jargon related to the field of music contains the names of various musical styles (pop, popsyatin - pop music, Dark - heavy music, Dream, house, drum, drum (Dram'n Base), trance) and compositions (svezhak - fresh, new music, release - a composition that has been released for sale, track - a musical composition, playlist - a list of musical compositions), names of the musicians' actions (play - play).

Foreign music is now more popular among young people, and Russian performers and compositions are sometimes perceived with distrust and contempt. Young people often come up with nicknames for musical groups and performers:

Asi-Basi, Jennifer Popez, Zhenya Lenin, Patricia Kvas, Pasha Makarov

Marmeladze, Bari Karabasov, Bari Alabastrov, Andrey Buben, Kretinushki International, Bolvanushki International, Mikhail Shukherinsky, Filya

3. English, German and French, Estonian

In youth circles, English is considered the most “fashionable” and most promising language for learning. Many young people are familiar with him. Therefore, many youth jargons are words that are borrowed from English, but have never been translated into Russian. The interesting thing is that these slang words are understood even by people who have never studied English in their lives, so slang words have become part of modern speech.

Capture – film, photograph

Laptop - laptop.

Fifty-fifty (fifty-fifty) - 50 to 50, respect - respect, change - exchange, loser - loser, drink - drink, people - people

Bezandestend - not to understand, swoon - the highest degree of delight

Big up! - Keep it up!

Crazy - crazy, crazy, pricey - expensive,

best, bestovy – the best

Love story - love story, darling - dear.

Yankees, go home!

The writing of these slang words is free; you can use both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet. For example:

The song made in the basement is a low-quality musical composition (a combination of Russian and English words is used)

Partyboy - party boy

No problems - No problems

Plz, ok, sorry

Some English words have Russian elements of word formation. For example, the following expressions:

Face on table - face on table (head on wall), face - face

Kiss - kiss, kiss - kiss

There are not many jargons using German and French, and among them some are formed according to the rules of the Russian language.

Achtung! - Attention! Arbeiten! - Work! Naturlich! - Certainly!

Bundes - West German, Kinder - child

Alles-normalles - everything is fine. Arbeiten und Kopiten - Work!

I sprech in German - I speak German

Sorry - sorry

Charming, organ-organized - exquisite

For Russian youth living in Estonia, due to the multicultural environment, the use of Estonian words, expressions and even sentences in speech has become the norm.

Loll is a fool, laiskvorst is a lazy person, buss is a bus.

4. Criminal vocabulary

Some young people think that using such vocabulary in speech makes them “cool”, authoritative and elevates them above everyone around them. Therefore, it can often be heard from those young people who are trying to be leaders in a company or class.

In the vocabulary associated with the criminal sphere, the names of persons (fraer, authority, garbage - policeman), actions (soak, bang - kill, knock - report, knock on the gang), places (mentovka, mentura - police station) are presented.

Some argotisms, having become youth slang, have significantly changed their semantics. For example: gopnik is a primitive, intellectually undeveloped and extremely aggressive person (cf. corner gopnik - street robber), loser is a person. not worthy of respect, trust (cf. angle: a sucker is a victim of a crime, someone who is intended to be deceived, robbed or killed).

A small group of slang units that nominate realities close to the criminal sphere (for example, arrest, police detention, certain types of weapons), but developed not by criminal slang, but by youth slang (since the bearers of youth slang one way or another have to deal with similar phenomena) require special consideration ). This includes the following jargon: aquarium - a room for detained people, bobby - a car of a police patrol group, vintit - to arrest, garbage in a box - police officers in a car.

I would like to note the following. With their knowledge of criminal vocabulary, young people often try to emphasize their “maturity” and “toughness” (an example is the words Arabka (hand) and fraer without Arabka (man without a hand) - they are known by hearsay, but are not used constantly).

5. Argotisms associated with drugs and alcohol

They are mainly divided into words that are the name of the drug addict, the names of drugs, and words that denote actions related to drugs.

Narik, junkie, junkie, Romeo, drug addict

Kaliki, wheels, donuts, circles, round – tablets

White, blond, drugs, Jeff, coke, gerych, marfa, grass - drugs

Puffing, blowing, smearing, throwing up, smoking - drug-related actions

Words related to alcohol can also be divided into small groups:

Alik, alkanaut, bruise - alcoholic

Samopal, blonde, vodyara - alcohol

Ferment, drink, buzz - drink

6. Computer games, videos, cartoons

A lot of slang words come into the speech of young people from computer games, but most often these words are specific in use, they are used mainly by young people for whom games are a hobby. Many words are borrowed from English.

Passed the third level, guild is an association of players, noob is a novice player, char is a character, mob is a monster, item is a thing, vendor is a merchant, munch is to raise a level, grow is to revive.

Computer youth language has become very widespread lately.

Preved, bear! – traditional greeting

Handsome - a positive assessment of someone

Zaycheg - a positive assessment of someone

Atstoy sucks

Yumur - humor

Ya cha laf - I love you

Ugh - horror

The most expressive, funny and memorable names of movie and cartoon characters turn into common nouns in youth speech.

Klavka Schiffer, George Clooney

Goblins, gremlins, simpsons, spongebob

Tupnyak period (from the name of the cartoon “Ice Age”)

7. Hobbies and interests of young people

Young people have various hobbies to which they devote their free time. And the world of jargon associated with this or that hobby is bright and original.

Guys interested in billiards and snooker (a subtype of billiards) change the names of the players and give them nicknames. For example, the snooker player Ronnie was given the nicknames Busya, Ronny, Murphy - Dumpling, Svintus, Oink, pig-father, Hamilton - musketeer. Also in the game the word kick (to play unfairly) is often used.

A peculiar hobby for young people has become the game of sock (sock) - a small rag ball. This game is reminiscent of the Russian game "Hot Potato", but in this game players kick the ball around with their feet.

Football has always been popular among young people, and in this regard, one cannot do without slang words (to feint, to chase feints).

School jargon can be classified as corporate youth jargon. It identifies a lexical group, which is the “core” of school jargon - the units included in it are implemented in the speech of most schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions.

Names of academic subjects	Matesha, physics, literature, rusish, english, estish, bio, info
Names of assessments	Parasha, twix, deuce - 2, troyban, trendel - 3, nickle - 5
Free time	Diskach, dances, jumps
Names of school premises	Tubzik, tubarkas, push, canteen, barevich, barevsky
Names of types of educational activities	Controsha, homework, laboratory, vocational schools, state schools
Names of workers and teachers	Teacher, dirik, dir, diryuga, diryuzhnik, class teacher, physics teacher, physical education teacher

In the speech of schoolchildren there are such jargons as uchička (teacher), klassukha (class teacher), sackcloth / sackcloth (school principal). The use of these words does not have the function of evaluating the named people (a teacher is not a “bad teacher”, but simply a “teacher”). It clearly demonstrates the speaker’s intention to reduce the social status of these people in the eyes of the listener and in his own, and thereby, as a rule, increase his own status (at least at the time of speech).

Such a specific part of school jargon as slang names for teachers and other school employees according to their specific characteristics deserves special consideration. This group is quite extensive. As a rule, such lexemes have a pronounced “local” character and are implemented in the speech of students of the very school where they were developed. They are expressive, familiar, and are realized only during intragroup communication among schoolchildren.

In the production of these units, metaphorization based on various features is widely used. Of course, it takes into account what subject the teacher teaches, for example: “Pushkin is our everything” (literature teacher), File (computer science teacher). Details of appearance are taken into account, for example: Dandelion (disheveled hair), Cherkan (bald), Cockroach (mustached), Kemel (plump lips), Two-story (high hairstyle), Ryumochka (slender figure), as well as external resemblance to book characters, movies, cartoons, TV shows, for example: Boniface, Kolobok, Leopold the cat, Klyuvdia. Nicknames are given on the basis of temperament, behavior, for example: Generalissimo (everyone obeys her), habits, behavioral characteristics, for example: Crucian carp (loves fishing), Khokhmachka (often says: “I’ll tell you a joke”), Ninja (walks quietly, inaudibly ). There is a morphonological deformation of personal names, abbreviations, addition of stems, abbreviation: Eses (Svetlana Stepanovna), Sandra (Alexandra), George (Georg), Vasilich (Vladimir Vasilyevich), Vikesha (Valentina Vikentievna), Grinya (Grigory Ivanovich), Lampa, Light Bulb (Lyudmila Evlampievna), MTV (Modina Taisiya Vasilievna). Sometimes a nickname combines both features of the name and character traits, for example: Metal Ivanovich (Mikhail Ivanovich, quite strong in character). Often students express their attitude towards the teacher in this way - negative (Ninka Palka) or positive (Arkasha, Olenka). The formation of such units (the development of slang names for specific people) is a specific feature of school jargon.

Student jargon is a unique phenomenon, reflecting a transitional stage in the development of jargon vocabulary. Students studying in their first year at a university are people who are still closely connected with their former school, with school habits, with home, but at the same time, they have already managed to experience independent adult life and feel the taste of freedom. Then, after a year or two, they will move away from school norms and laws, but will still remember them.

Student jargon can be divided into two main categories.

Abitura, abita - applicants

Academician - academic leave

Bomb, spur, crocodile, accordion - names of cheat sheets

Nerd, primer - nerd

Course student - course work

A blockage, a tail - an object with which there are problems

Dorm – hostel

Announcement - announcement

From generation to generation in universities, the names of subjects are also passed down (antiquity, zarubezhka), and how students respectfully and affectionately call teachers and professors (Yur Mikh, Zarochka, Kisa, Pasik, Kudrya) - this data was provided by students of the University of Tartu.

The second category is new slang vocabulary, which is similar to the slang of gymnasium students (creative, real, positive). This, of course, is due to the fact that many high school students become university students, and students and students constantly communicate. Student jargon largely “absorbs” the jargon of schoolchildren. An example of this: two jargons - spur (crib sheet) and bomb (a type of crib sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (with the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons.

In Estonian universities, borrowing words from the Estonian language occupy a large place in youth slang. Moreover, their meaning in context completely coincides with the original meaning.

Arvestus - test, I will pass arvestus,

harjutus - exercise, praks (practice - in medicine)

Let's go to loeng - let's go to a lecture

Posted a new tunniplaan - a new lesson plan

You can often hear that Estonian words are used with Russian endings:

How many ainepunkts do you have?

Let's see õppekav-u!

Students use borrowings not only in conversations related to their studies, but also in everyday life. Estonian words are often used by Russian young people to show a negative attitude towards a person or phenomenon.

Sittamaya - toilet

Ah, sooo! - Ah well!

Loll is a fool

The slang that modern youth actively uses is a kind of protest against the surrounding reality, against typification and standardization. This is reflected in the appearance of young people (shocking hairstyles, clothes, piercings, tattoos). This is how a young man stands out from the crowd, asserting: “I’m not like everyone else!”

But on the other hand, a peculiar language and appearance are a kind of sign of herdism, belonging to one or another youth group (goths, rockers, bikers). The young man admits: “I’m like everyone else!”

The main feature of youth slang is the constant emotionality, expressiveness, evaluativeness and imagery of speech of young people. Along with speech, youth jargon develops and is constantly updated. This contributes to the overall dynamics of the Russian literary language.

No matter how banal it may sound, I would like to complete this work with a reminder that the basis of the speech of any person (and young people too) should still be the literary Russian language!

Youth slang is a very interesting phenomenon.

The dual position of young people - when they no longer want to be children, but they are not yet "allowed into adults" - leads, on the one hand, to the formation of youth subcultures by them, as social spaces where people equal in age and status gather , social status, occupation, etc.; spaces where young people have the opportunity to self-actualize and work out social roles, and, on the other hand, to develop their own language based on their native language, which they all speak. This special youth language, youth slang, is aimed primarily at making “us” closer and “strangers” further away.

The spread of youth slang goes from the center to the periphery, and on the periphery it takes root minimally. Youth slang is used not only by illiterate people, as is commonly believed, but also by native speakers with a relatively high level of education (its “anglicization” in the Russian language is a significant reason for this proof) in a certain communication situation.

Youth slang fully reflects the dangerous vices of society, for example, the spread of drug addiction among young people, because there are dozens of slang words and expressions for various drugs. Slang also testifies to persistent everyday xenophobia and racism.

So, the slang is:

Protest is the main reason for the prevalence of slang among young people, since young people themselves understand their language mainly as a weapon against the norms of the adult world and, first of all, against the adults themselves; rudeness and cynicism are most often addressed not to comrades, but to “ancestors” or “old people.”

The sources of slang replenishment are primarily foreign language borrowings.

For example:

Words that have acquired new meaning as a result of ironic reinterpretation:

Damn - CD;

These examples prove that computer slang tends to simplify. Unusual transliteration: “ZY” - PS (post scriptum) (on a computer keyboard, when switching from Latin to Cyrillic, “P” corresponds to “Z”, and “S” to “Y”).

Here are more examples: keyboard (keyboard) - keyboard, kebord, cybord.

Hack (from English to hack) - hack;

Upgrade (from English to upgrade) - update;

Click (from English to click) - click on the mouse buttons.

disk drive - floppy diskette;

user's manual - manual;

CD-ROM - CD-ROM;

application - application.

Windows - windows, vents;

virus - living creatures;

Microsoft - finely soft.

patch file - patch;

to delete - demolish, kill.

Sound likening of the word:

error - Egor;

jumper - jumper;

shareware - bloomers.

break point - breakpoint;

Windows is a Windows carrier.

Corel Draw - King of firewood;

AutoCAD - Autogad;

BASIC - Vasik

Slang in studies:

term (from term) - semester; vindik, vindou, vindushnik (from window) - “window”, absence of a couple or activity; holiday (from holiday) - vacation;

Sphere of Internet communication:

Slang in fashion:

fashion (from fashion) - fashion; fashionable (from fashionable) - fashionable; make-up or makeup (from make-up) - makeup; style (from style) - style; hayer (from hair) - hairstyle; must-have (from must-have) - a thing that must be present in the wardrobe; hand-made (from hand-made) - a thing made with one’s own hands; bow (from look) - image, appearance; to be in trend (from trend) - to be fashionable, relevant; barbie size (from barbi-size) - tiny, miniature; little black dress (from little black dress) - little black dress; bag or case (from bag, case) - handbag.

Valuation slang:

Currently, the dictionary of youth slang has a relatively large number of words. Therefore, youth slang contains words with identical or extremely similar meanings - synonyms. Naturally, the more common a word is, the more synonyms it has. The phenomenon of the appearance of synonyms is due to the fact that in different regions of Russia (and there are quite a lot of them) different slang correspondences may appear for the same term. They can be formed in different ways, by people with different levels of English proficiency. And communication between people using different words is not yet very developed. The Internet has not yet become widespread. Therefore, when they do meet, they sometimes do not even understand each other.

Bibliography:

Grachev M.A., Gurov A.I. Dictionary of youth slang. - Gorky, 2004. - 366 pp.

Uzdinskaya E.V. Semantic originality of modern youth jargon // Active processes in language and speech. - Saratov, 2005. - 144 p.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. Yartseva V.N., - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p.

Vinogradova, N.V. Computer slang and literary language: problems of competition / N.V. Vinogradova // Research on Slavic languages. Korean Association of Slavists. - Seoul, 2001 - P.61-72.

Registration number 0143899 issued for the work:

Youth slang is a very interesting phenomenon.

Its use is limited by age (14-25 years) and social boundaries. It exists among urban students. Young people are no longer children, but not yet adults, whose main occupation is obtaining an education and preparing for future professional activities. They are free from the responsibilities of adults (they usually do not have their own families, i.e. wife/husband and children to take care of) and at the same time they have a lot of free time.

As long as youth slang is used by young people when they communicate with each other in a relaxed, informal atmosphere, no “pollution” of the language occurs. The same applies to the language of fiction: when slangisms are included as elements of a character’s speech, this does not cause any protest if done with tact and aesthetically motivated.

With its expressiveness, mischievous and cheerful play with words, youth slang attracts attention, with which the adult part of the population began to become acquainted by reading young prose writers and poets, the youth press and listening to their children. Slang attracts with its looseness and sometimes brevity of designations.

Youth slang also fully reflects the dangerous vices of society, for example, the spread of drug addiction among young people, because there are dozens of slang words and expressions for various drugs. Slang also testifies to persistent everyday xenophobia and racism.

So, the slang is:

1. An attempt to encrypt your speech, making it incomprehensible to the uninitiated.

2. The desire to express your emotions (many slang expressions cannot be translated into literary language in one word.

3. The need to identify yourself in the company, to indicate that you belong.

The youth environment encourages significant freedom in communication, frivolity, and democracy among their own circles. If for people of the older generation a person who behaves informally is considered frivolous, then young people almost always behave informally in order to emphasize the degree of trust in the interlocutor and their disposition towards him.

4. The desire to show your individuality, “adulthood”.

5. An attempt to shock (shock) adults.

Protest is the main reason for the prevalence of slang among young people, since young people themselves understand their language mainly as a weapon against the norms of the adult world and, first of all, against the adults themselves, where rudeness and cynicism are most often addressed not to comrades, but to “ancestors” or “old people.”

The fate of slang words and expressions is not the same: some of them become so accustomed over time that they become common speech; others exist only for some time together with their carriers, and then are forgotten even by them, not living to see the physical death of the latter; and, finally, the third slang words and expressions remain slang for a long time and the lives of many generations, never completely passing into the commonly used language, but at the same time are not completely forgotten. So, for example, the previously used slang words “to shy away” (in the sense of being shy), “marinate” (in the sense of deliberately detaining someone, postponing a decision or execution of something for a long time), “mask” (in the sense of doing something that -or unnoticeable), “to make jokes” (in the sense of joking) have become common speech, and we rarely think about their slang past; such slang words of the second half of the twentieth century as “limita”, “hipsters”, “coffin” (in the sense of civil defense), “net” (in the sense of a truant, a person shirking something), “firma”, “oldukha” and others, although still used from time to time, are practically becoming a thing of the past; the same words as “joking”, “labat”, “get high” remain slang for a long time and are unlikely to ever enter common speech.

The sources of slang replenishment are primarily English borrowings.

For example:

Bezdnik - birthday (from English birthday)

Friend - friend (from English friend)

Kinder - child (from German die Kinder - children)

Chika - young girl (from Spanish shika - girl)

Friend (friend) - to friend, to unfriend;

Drink (alcoholic drinks) - drinker, drinker, drink team, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drunk, drunk.

Or, for example, most adjectives derived from English roots with the stressed suffix -ov-: branded (expensive, from a boutique), old (old), hit (popular), etc.

A special group of computer slangs:

Device (from the English device) - device;

User (from the English user) - user.

Loaf (from English button) - button;

Lin, Linux, Linux - (from English Linux) - the name of the operating system.

Program (from English to programm) - engage in programming;

But here are the Russian words, chosen for reasons of phonetic similarity to the English originals:

Aria (from English area) - directory on disk;

Soap (from English to mail) - write emails.

Words that have acquired a new meaning as a result of an ironic rethinking of an already existing lexeme.

Damn - CD;

Aldus Pizhamker (from the English Aldus PageMaker) is an electronic layout program.

Acronyms. These are English in origin and method of formation, complexly abbreviated words, which have not yet been involved in the process of mastering them in the Russian language.

IMHO (In My Humble Opinion) - in my humble opinion;

IOW (In Other Words) - in other words.

These examples prove that computer slang tends to simplify, minimize and standardize linguistic means. Transliteration brings to life such unusual abbreviations for the Russian language as “ZY” - PS (post scriptum) (on a computer keyboard, when switching from Latin to Cyrillic, “P” corresponds to “Z”, and “S” to “Y”).

Sometimes an English word is borrowed entirely with its pronunciation, spelling and meaning. Each sound in a borrowed English word is replaced by the corresponding sound in the Russian language in accordance with phonetic laws. These words seem foreign in pronunciation and spelling, they correspond to all the norms of the English language.

Bug (from the English bug) - an error in the program;

Feature (from English feature) - software function;

Plugin (from the English plug-in) - an addition to a software product.

Such words in the Russian language were a consequence of the fact that most software on computers runs in English. Most often it is Russian or simply a misreading of an English word. Sometimes a mistake becomes so attractive that it takes hold of the masses. For example, message - message (message).

Here's another example: keyboard (keyboard) - keyboard, kebord, cybord.

Hack (from English to hack) - hack;

Upgrade (from English to upgrade) - update;

Click (from English to click) - click on the mouse buttons.

Disk drive - floppy disk;

User's manual - manual;

CD-ROM - CD-ROM;

Application - application.

There are two possible translation methods. The first method involves translating a word using neutral words existing in the Russian language, which at the same time acquire a new meaning with a reduced stylistic overtone:

Windows - windows, vents;

virus - living creatures;

Microsoft - finely soft.

Here are examples of associative thinking:

patch file - patch;

to delete - demolish, kill.

Sound likening of the word:

error - Egor;

jumper - jumper;

shareware - bloomers.

break point - breakpoint;

Windows is a Windows carrier.

Corel Draw - King of firewood;

AutoCAD - Autogad;

BASIC - Vasik

Most words related to youth slang are derived from professional terms, almost all of which are borrowed from English.

The emergence of new words in youth slang is, of course, the rapid development of science and technology. If we look at numerous magazines covering new products on the market, we will see that more or less significant phenomena appear almost every week. In the conditions of such a technological revolution, each new phenomenon must receive its own verbal designation, its own name. And since almost all of them (with rare exceptions) appear in America and Europe, we naturally get it in the dominant English language. When people in Russia learn about this after some time, then for the vast majority of them, of course, there is no equivalent in the Russian language. And therefore Russians have to use original terms. Thus, English names fill the Russian language more and more.

Many of the existing terms are quite cumbersome and inconvenient in daily use. There is a powerful tendency to shorten and simplify words.

Recently, there has also been a craze among young people for computer games. This again served as a powerful source of new words. Various words have appeared for certain concepts, these include “arcade”, “adventure game”, “boss” (meaning the most important enemy in the game), “doomer” (a person playing the game “DOOM”), “croak” ( play the game "Quake"), etc. Most non-professional users do not have a sufficient level of English. But, one way or another, they still have to use new English terminology, and often the English word is misread and the words thus arising sometimes become firmly entrenched in their vocabulary. So it turns out that the users of youth slang spoke in a language they themselves invented.

Slang in studies:

teacher (from teacher) - teacher (There goes your teacher.).

institute (from institute) - institute; names of faculties: dep (from department), fak (short for faculty)

a preppy - a pupil or a graduate of an expensive preparatory school, or a person resembling such a pupil in dress or appearance; a stud - a student; a dropout - a person who has abandoned a course of study; a freshie (a freshman) - a first-year student in college; a grad (a graduate) - a person who has successfully completed a course of study or training; a premed - a student of a pre-med course; an alum (an alumnus) - a university, college or school graduate.

English (from English) - English language; liter - literature; physical education - physical education; Rusish (from German russisch) - Russian language.

trig - trigonometry; premed - a program of premedical studies; math - mathematics.

credit card (from credit book) - record book; ID, ID (from ID -identification) or studak - student ID;

term (from term) - semester; vindik, vindou, vindushnik (from window) - “window”, absence of a pair or activity; holiday (from holiday) - vacation;

hostel (from hostel) or hostel - hostel; jim or bench press (from gum) - gym;

econ - an economics class; biochem - a biological chemistry class; bio - a biology class; prep school - preparatory school.

names of various control measures and concepts associated with them:

ex (abbr. excellent) - five, excellent grade; pair, swan or failure - two, unsatisfactory grade; exams (from exams) - exams; contra or kontrosha - test work; sem or syo - seminar; roll up or blow off - write off something; spur - cheat sheet; bomb - a sheet with the answer to an exam paper, which is prepared in advance and then handed in, as if it were allegedly written in the process of preparing for the answer directly during the exam.

A midterm - an exam in the middle of an academic term; a final - an examination at the end of a term, school year or particular class; to breeze - to pass easily an exam; to cheat - to act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage in an examination.

Sphere of Internet communication:

Slang in fashion:

Valuation slang:

This includes words that reflect the attitudes of young people towards people of different ages and social status, as well as assessments of what is happening around them or descriptions of objects.

Words of positive assessment: nice (from nice) - great; ice (from ice) - cool; kute (from cute) - cute; cool (from cool) - cool, great; gud (from good) - good, good; respect (from respect) or respect - respect.

Words of negative assessment: fake (from fake) - counterfeit, unreal; crazy (from crazy) - crazy; freak or freaky (from freak) - eccentric, wonderful.

The ways and means of forming youth slang from English are very diverse, but they all boil down to adapting the English word to Russian reality and making it suitable for constant use.

The general tendency among young people to include Anglicisms in their everyday speech also played a role. The passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion; it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in youth society. This stereotype of our era is the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates of technological progress lead the whole world. And by adding English borrowings to their speech, young people in a certain way approach this stereotype and become familiar with American culture and lifestyle.

Slang does not remain constant. With the replacement of one fashionable phenomenon by another, old words are forgotten, they are replaced by others. This process takes place very quickly. If in any other slang a word can exist for decades, then in youth slang only over the past decade of rapid global progress an incredible number of words have appeared and gone down in history.

But there are also things that have not undergone any special changes. But their slang designations do not remain unchanged. There is a process of generational change, and those words that seemed fashionable and funny five to seven years ago now look outdated. Fashion and trends in society change, some words just get boring.

We also cannot ignore such a problem as the transition of words from slang to the category of normal ones. Most often, quite old slang words that have had time to get used to them become normal. At the same time, the word loses its eccentric connotation. Newspapers and magazines play an important role in this. A slang word appears in them in most cases due to the fact that the normal words corresponding to them are inconvenient when used frequently or are completely absent. Magazines generally use slang words in abundance in order to create a more fun, youthful atmosphere.

Having traced the path of a word from its very birth in English to its transition to slang, we found out that slang in the Russian language is a kind of “outlet” that facilitates the process of adaptation of an English-language term. Slang helps speed up this process as the language tries to keep up with the flow of information.

In this matter, the Russian language is, without any doubt, under the direct influence of the English language. And we will not be able to stop this process until we ourselves begin to create something unique.

As we see, youth slang in most cases represents English borrowings or phonetic associations; cases of translation are less common, and only thanks to the wild imagination of young people. The introduction of foreign words into a language should always be treated carefully, and even more so when this process is so fast.

Jargons are words used by certain social or interest groups that carry a secret meaning that is incomprehensible to everyone.

Jargon is a kind of language within a language. Strictly speaking, jargon is a type of speech of a group of people united by a single profession (jargon of pilots, miners, sailors), occupation (jargon of athletes, collectors), etc. Youth jargon is often called slang (from the English slang) or argo (from the French argot).

Jargon has been around for a long time among young people (the jargon of high school students, seminarians). The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is a departure from everyday life, play, irony, a mask. Uninhibited, laid-back youth slang strives to escape the boring world of adults, parents and teachers. They say: Okay! And we: Cool! Cool! Cool! They: That's bad luck! Us: What a bummer! Them: It's too difficult! We: Don't burden me! They admire, we stick out and trudge.

Youth slang is similar to its speakers - it is harsh, loud, impudent. It is the result of a peculiar desire to change the world in a different manner, as well as a sign of “I am mine.” The language here reflects the inner aspiration of the young brighter and stronger than clothes, hairstyles, or lifestyle. Students usually reinterpret the names of academic subjects in their own way: not colloidal chemistry, but witchcraft; not linear algebra, but a ruler; not the structure of molecules, but structuremol; not mathematical analysis, but math. Academic leave is called academic leave (or academic leave).

Youth jargon easily incorporates words from different languages (from English - shuz, beg, man, haer; from German - kopf “head”), from different dialects (berlyat “drink”, uhaydokhat “to tire”), from the criminal language - cool, trouble, chaos.

Generations of young people change after five to seven years, and with them the jargon also changes. Nobody now remembers the ratings Awesome!, Iron! “good” or ratings like Millet! “bad”, so widespread in the 60-70s. XX century New or old, jargon remains with young people as an indispensable condition for an indispensable game, as an island of naturalness and freedom in the strictly regulated world of adults, like a bauble on the arm or a hairratkin on the head. A striking feature of youth slang is its rapid updating. In the youth of grandparents, money could be called tugriks, rupees, in the times of parents - coins, mani, today's youth use babka, bucks.

For example, this: “chicks”, “dudes”, “girls” are a thing of the past. Now young people call girls “bees.” If a girl is strange or drunk, then they may say that she is “out of her mind.” Girls call young people “uncles.” There are young people of “increased toughness,” but there are also “twisted” ones, i.e. not very “cool”. In light of the above, it is worth quoting what is probably now a fashionable saying: “Only eggs are cooler than you, only stars are higher than you.” If a company gathers, it is called a “get-together.” The “party” may turn out to be “loose”, i.e. |unsuccessful or successful - “freaky”” (MK. 1992. No. 10).

Another feature of youth jargon is its limited subject matter. There are about a dozen semantic classes of names, within which there are many synonyms. These are the names of faces (dude, forehead, small, horses), body parts (lanterns, switch, claws), clothes and shoes (shoes, swinger, outfit), money (bucks, grandmas, piece, lemon), positive ratings (cool, cool, cool, awesome, out), names of some actions and states (passed out, pinned, trudged), etc.

Full communication among young people is impossible without proficiency in their language.

Moreover, in the right place and time, a swear word used by a teenager (naturally, in an appropriate setting) may turn out to be more effective than lengthy reasoning and long conversations.

Modern technologies are expanding the boundaries of communication. For example, the advent of the Internet has allowed modern youth to “hang out” in chat rooms (from the English word chat - chat) and thereby significantly expand their social circle. And since the bulk of people who communicate in this way are young people, it is not surprising that the corresponding norms of speech are learned.

The element that feeds this youth language is everything new, unconventional or rejected: the speech of music fans, music television, in particular MTV, and the speech of drug addicts, computer jargon and urban vernacular, English and thieves' argot. Each of these components has its own sphere, its own subject and at the same time represents a wide field for borrowing (don’t burden me - from the jargon of computer scientists; I’m dragging, sticking out from Decl - from the jargon of drug addicts). Elements borrowed from the literary language are reinterpreted in a playful, ironic way: this is absolutely parallel to me, purely violet, I don’t care.

In addition to alienation, youth slang is characterized by an emotional and playful beginning.

A gaming technique used in youth slang is the bringing together of words based on sound similarity, sound transfer: for example, lemon instead of million, soap, emelya instead of e-mail (from the English word e-mail).

So, a joke, a game is a positive element of youth speech. It is unlikely that anyone can seriously fight this.

Another important characteristic of youth speech is its “primitiveness.” An association with the language of some primitive society arises when teachers observe the instability and constant change of jargon in both the temporal and spatial dimensions. Not having time to gain a foothold, some forms of speech give way to others: for example, the not so long ago slang mani (from the English word money) was replaced by bucks and grandmas.

Another sign of the “primitiveness” of youth slang is the uncertainty and blurred meanings of the words included in it. Cool, cool, I'm sorry can be both a positive and negative assessment of the situation. They treat me like hell here! and ate-fire!, used in slang only as emotional exclamations, and words like korka (crusts), prikol, krutnyak, ult, plague. Being used as emotional interjections, they almost completely lose their meaning, which is replaced by a strongly accentuated emotional component of meaning in a certain situation. This group also includes the phrases complete atas, complete paragraph,

There are also jargons of certain groups of people.

Jargons of conscript soldiers and sailors: “litekha” - lieutenant, “spirit” - a soldier who serves for the first six months; schoolchildren's jargons: "uchilka" - teacher, etc.; student jargons: "war" - military training classes; common everyday youth slangs: "bottleman" - bottle; slangs of informal youth groups: "hair" - hair (the word is borrowed from the English "hair" - hair), "pop music" - popular music (only the concept is borrowed from English: "popular music" ").

Glossary of youth slang

Alkofunk - booze

alconaut - drunkard

cormorant - young man

tower - head

demolishes the tower - go crazy

buffalo shaker - disco

bunker - basement

boots - any shoes

bottleball - see alkofalk

drink - drink

booze - booze

understand - understand

pass out - 1) stop understanding; 2) fall asleep from fatigue

cackle - have fun for some reason

Gopnik - punk

humanizer - police baton

drape - 1) go; 2) run away

dracha - about a vehicle that is in poor condition

drol - 1) a person who does everything wrong; 2) not a very smart person

give (catch, grab, grab) an oak - 1) die; 2) get very cold

move ideas - give ideas

engine - incentive, reason

move - see drive

tree is a stupid person

to hold (derived from the word “to hold up”) - to host, to manage the holiday

rubbish - drink

rowdy - see rowdy

make legs - run away

Bastille Day is an extra holiday (an excuse to drink)

cut glass day - see Bastille day

beep day - see Bastille day

Jerry Lee Lewis - 1) a person who plays keyboard instruments well; 2) a person who can type quickly

DJ console - kettle

wild - terrible

disco - disco

well-intentioned - attacker

catch up - guess, understand

get bored - get bored

to get at - see to get into trouble

du hast - motivation to action - “Let's go!”

du hast nikht - refusal to offer du hast

dope - marijuana

dubak - cold

barrel - see barrel

stuffy - boring

no brainer - very obvious

green trees - expression of dissatisfaction

to gasp - see to jerk

yellow house - madhouse

Zhoping is a dance in which the back part of the body is most involved

to score - to throw something

fall in - come

rattle - find yourself in an uncomfortable position

load - see fail

drive - sell

tired - tired

depressed - sleepy, sleepy

ass - a person who is always lucky

to hold back - to hide, to be greedy with something

heal - see clamp

sourdough - the beginning of drinking

make friends - make friends with someone

to mow down - see to score

appetizer - appetizer

snack - see snack

get pregnant - 1) see thunder, 2) get pregnant

pawn - deliver

hostage - a person who betrays all the time

get carried away - get carried away

to refuel - to manage

to lock up - see to overwhelm

to steam - to bore

run - see sandal

show up - reveal, reveal oneself

detect - catch someone at an inconvenient moment

to stock up - to purchase something prudently

imprisoned - tortured

check out - evaluate

to hit stars (to hang) - to beat someone

green - dollars

green - see teapot

zykansko - see cool

Raisin - handsome teen

individual - a person out of the ordinary

tester - a person who drinks first during a feast

taps - see pipe

press (spin) the pedals - move

cad - funny or strange person

get a buzz - enjoy

kaliki - morgalik - any pharmacological drugs used not for treatment, but according to need

like two fingers... - very simple, easy

like panties without elastic - a free, unencumbered state

to hang around - to wait, to waste time in vain

cabbage - see grandmothers

ride - laugh

roll a barrel - show aggression towards someone

cough - catch a cold

kayuk - see pipe

ferment - see plump

drunkard cyborg - an alcoholic with an impressive appearance, a drunken boxer or a bodybuilder

kipesh - scandal, noise, vanity

pussy is a very beautiful girl

to sour - to be sad

cool - great, excellent

cool - good, excellent

cool - see cool

Jim Morrison cocktail - a cocktail consisting of 50% vodka and 50% Coca-Cola

corefan - friend

sidekick - see corefan

jamb - defect

mow - pretend

pick your brain - think

sausage, sausage - a state in which a person is having fun, enjoying it to the fullest

wheels - car

wander - see walk

beater - see dubak

commander - see carrier

comics - vacation

composter - a person who has a boring, moral effect

compost brains - boring, moral influence

to go far - to go far

kondybat - go

throw away skates - die

dig - 1) gather slowly; 2) look for something

throw away the hooves - see throw away the skates

wander - make excuses

stoker - a person who watches the fire, the fire

roofer - psychiatrist

screws - sad result

smokers - a place intended for smoking

kumar - a large amount of smoke in the room

bunch - see party

laver - lover, beloved

crap - not true, nonsense

screw up - see fly over

left - bad, superfluous

ice battle - big booze

sucker - worthless person

rush - move away

to go astray - see to fly

raspberry - happiness

Matilda - affectionate name for your beloved girl

makhach - fight

loom - flash before your eyes

event - drinking

slow medical care - ambulance

beaker - glass

knead - to beat someone not alone

throw - throw

junior researcher - novice alcoholic

moydodyp - washbasin

Mouzon - music

to drip on the brain - to irritate

run into - find yourself in a dangerous position

heat - see prick

load - see fill up

get - find

assault - filing a claim, threat, use of violence, infringement of someone’s rights

get drunk - get drunk

cover up - break down

drip - see lay

scribble - write

to pin - to deceive

lather up; get ready; mean; go

tension - difficult situation

strain - force to do something

run into - bump into

knock - see lay

get drunk - see get drunk

to play - to do something with interest

off topic - out of time

no luck - no luck

immeasurably - a lot

not weak - good, interesting

knockout - loss of consciousness, sudden fall into sleep while drinking

knockdown - continuation of drinking after a knockout

duck - hide

nychok - secluded place

stunned - fool

get stoned - get high, overdrink

bummer - I don’t want to, I’m lazy

break off - see fly by

slobber - slobber

stub - a young man of unattractive appearance, stupid and awkward

christen - 1) name; 2) hit

to die - to die

knock over - see knock over

to swell - to get tired, to become mentally tired

promptly - quickly

throw away your skates - die

pass out - see pass out

to have a blast - see to cut yourself off

fuck off - leave me alone

lean back - 1) relax; 2) die

to switch off - see to pass out

pry off - see pluck

excuse yourself - see wander

soak off - do something very original

to buy - to hit

have fun - have fun

sucks - whatever, something bad

relax - have a good rest

otkhodnyak - a state of hangover

unhook - fall behind

dumpling - see cormorant

joke - 1) object of curiosity; 2) something or someone worthy of attention

outfit - clothes

snuggle up - adapt

cling to - cuddle up

cling to - see cling to

attach - attach something to something

to settle down - see to settle down

lean down - see lean down

hit something - pulled towards something (to laugh, etc.)

banish the topic - make a joke

we passed - please forget this or that phrase

project - project

miss - miss the moment

fly away - experience a strong feeling of dissatisfaction from unfulfilled expectations; register - spend a lot of time somewhere

squander - spend money

enlighten - inform about something

prosech - 1) find out; 2) understand

gingerbread - 1) greeting; 2) appeal

steam locomotive - railway vehicles

herd - follow

shepherd - noun from the mouth

turn the arrows - make excuses

to cross - to go very far

pearls - see topic

dumpling - see cormorant

kick the bulldozer - do nothing, engage in nonsense

peshkarus - on foot

saw - 1) go; 2) see to drip on the brains

nag - moral influence

people - people

write with boiling water - to be extremely excited, to experience a strong feeling

flame - lighter

drove - nickname, nickname

show off - demonstrate one's superiority

to feel sick - about deteriorating health

pig house, pigsty - littered room

come down - come up

tease - make fun of someone

make a fuss - see overwhelm

tease - see tease

hit - see thunder

hit - see run into

in half, equally - all the same

hang out in the vestibule - stand with friends on the staircase

pus - cat or dog

cannon - see barrel

nickel - nose

swindle for money - demand money

crush - see soak

rant - tell

gouge - see soak

smear on the wall - hit very hard

soak - break, break

spread - see soak

shred - cut

cut through - drive carelessly

dissect - see play

rasp - see slow-witted

play cards - play cards

turnip - see tower

tears a turnip - see demolishes a tower

speech push - tell something

cackle - see cackle

ancestors - see skulls

fishing - catching fish and drinking at the same time

roar - scream, yell

soap washer - see moydodyp

to struggle - to twitch

growl - swear

relatives, ancestors - parents

to fall from an oak tree - to go crazy

sansei - teacher

get off - leave

pig - litter

hang - 1) steal; 2) call

holy sausages - an exclamation expressing great surprise

run away - run for something

make a goat face - show face

separator - about a device, a device of unknown origin

cigar - smoke

jump - jump from something high

CD player

draft in the attic - wind in the head

compose - assemble, combine into a single whole

fly away - see drive away

to go crazy - to go completely wild

the cream of society - about a group of bad people

savor - see the thrill of catching

delicious - see cool

snoop - hide

scoop - a poorly understanding person

send off - send off

lifebuoy - any vessel with water after drinking

float - see drive

calm down - calmly

scary - bad

grow old - shake off the old times

barrel - pistol

chest - see slowpoke

play the box - die

troubles - horror

squander money - spend money pointlessly

chatter - gossip

chatter - talk

pipe - 1) kinescope; 2) cell phone; 3) unfavorable ending

pipes are burning - hangover

difficult water - vodka, any other drink

talk - talk

ram - stand and wait to no avail

scoreboard - face

herd - crowd

vestibule - staircase

topic - something interesting, funny

brake - see slow-witted

hang around - have fun

push - see drive

flea market - clothing market

push - toilet

stomp - go

drown - 1) fail an exam; 2) go

fuel - see booze

exactly - exactly

toshnilovka - an eatery where the food is tasteless

slow-witted - a person who thinks poorly and takes a long time

tusa - company

cackle - see cackle

leave - get drunk

sting 1. drink 2. take a drug

smart - good, useful

jump - 1) leave; 2) hide

far har - For her (for her)

fire - see flame

first - first

fenya - something uninteresting

feature - see topic

format your brain - get yourself in order after drinking

push bullshit - lie

eat - eat

Havka - food

freebie - something received for free

hayushki - greeting

hwa - that's enough

ponytail - a small animal

palm reading - see Fenya

teapot - a person ignorant of something

swagger - kiss

attic - brains

Chernukha - anything related to the dark sides of the universe

skulls - parents

pure water - obviously

rummage - to understand something

chatter - talk

roll balls - play billiards

shaman - 1) magician; 2) a person who reads minds; 3) astrologer

shampoo - champagne

shampoo - see shampoo

schizoid - a person with mental disorders

closet - 1) elevator; 2) big guy

shmal - see nonsense

laces - see skulls

laces in a glass - parents at home

the laces fell down the parents left

shnyaga - nonsense

plaster - heavily made-up girl

now - now

you'll get it now - threat

vigorous - strong

the pepper is clear - it's a no brainer

box - TV

The reality denoted by the word is characteristic only of youth slang.

The word is recognized by slang speakers as “their own,” that is, specific to young people.

The word is unknown to the “control” informants, who are representatives of different social strata, but do not consider themselves to be in the specified age category.

The word has a significantly higher frequency of use in this environment compared to other social groups of people.

The word was used to form new derivative words, the specificity of which is beyond doubt.

The word acquired a special semantic or communicative connotation in the environment under study.

There are a number of words that are on the border of youth slang and other lexical layers. Since the question of their inclusion in slang seems controversial, it seems natural to cite some of them (meanings are given approximately): get in "understand", get in "understand", get out "stop thinking", gopnik "punk", "break away" "have fun", fall “get carried away”, mow “simulate”, goof “worthless person”, lunar rover “police car”, tension “difficult situation”, lean back “die”, chernukha “anything connected with the darkest sides of the universe”.

Sometimes there are words that are not widely used in slang or belong to other lexical layers, as well as proper names necessary for understanding the examples (meanings are given in context): to cut (someone into something) “to explain (to someone something) )", just "as soon as", get (someone) "to get tired of (someone)", fall down "come in, come"", laver "lover, beloved", lazovy "bad", fall down "come up", hom "house", fersty "first".

Etymological dictionary

Very often, young people borrow words from the etymological dictionary. Such as:

The bathysphere is the sphere of father's intervention in family affairs.

The breach is a lie.

Volnushka is a melodrama.

Goofy is an executioner.

Ready room - dining room.

A rake is a thief's tool.

Drap - escape.

The dungeon is a neighbor.

The Fiend is an active volcano.

Chicken coop is a smoking room.

Malaria - whitewashing and painting works.

Bloodless - having lost a roof over your head.

Industry - beard.

Papier-mâché - parents.

Shorthand - writing on walls.

Sing - sing along, participate in the choir.

Yarrow is a thick novel.

Chimera - the era of chemistry.

The drawing is the underworld.

Quarter - give grades for the quarter.

The bookcase is a neighbor in the stairwell.

"Jargon" - from French. "jargon" is the speech of a relatively open social or professional group, which differs from the general spoken language in its special composition of words and expressions. This is a conventional language, understandable only in a certain environment; it contains many artificial, sometimes conventional words and expressions. However, at present there is a tendency for jargon to go beyond the boundaries of the professional or social groups that gave birth to it, on the one hand, and an increase in the gap between literary and slang speech, on the other hand, which is largely due to the democratization and even “vulgarization” of public life. Jargon is crowding out respectable speech, not without the help of the media and the spread of popular culture, which leave their mark on the language of the entire nation.

In the twentieth century, a technological revolution occurred, the pace of life noticeably accelerated, and the vocabulary increased, because each new concept must correspond to at least one word. Accordingly, the jargon vocabulary has expanded, with thousands of new words added to reflect political and social changes. New words also arise in order to refresh old concepts.

Jargon challenges the “correct” life, which is a linguistic reflection of such social phenomena among youth as “hippies”, “beatniks”. Jargon tends to increase the pace of speech; for this purpose, abbreviations, shortened words, abbreviations, etc. are used. Even the linguistic terms “jargon” and “argo” themselves increasingly began to be replaced by a shorter one - “slang”.

But a variety of jargons have the same origin story. From the explanatory dictionary (Vladimir Dahl, it is known that the jargon arose from the language of the peddlers-ofenya. Hence another name for the jargon - fenya (to talk about the hairdryer). These merchants constituted a separate class. And since they always had different goods and money, they robbers often attacked and came up with a peculiar language that only they themselves could understand - there is also an assumption that they arose from an almost extinct nation - the Athenians. This people, now living only in legends, consisted of several ethnic groups. including African and Greek. This encrypted language was passed on to children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren. And ordinary people liked it so much that it gradually began to be used by beggars, prostitutes, horse thieves and simply highway robbers, against whom Fenya was originally intended. not only communicated, but also encrypted oral and written information, not wanting to divulge secrets and secrets. Jargon penetrated the gangs of thieves, and was in shackles in Kalyma. This is how the Thieves' Jargon appeared

Moreover, for several years now the newspapers have been writing that “yesterday on Nikolina Gora, the famous philanthropist Senya Baryga was shot dead in a sauna.” For more than 10 years, television has been showing series about how good guys “kill” bad guys, and not just “kill”, but according to a special thieves’ “code of laws”, in other words, “according to concepts”.

For more than 10 years, words such as “mandra”, “godfather”, “drayka”, “stibzit”, “matsat” have existed in the spoken language. And more recently, people began to understand that cronyism is not a fashion, but a disease from which if you don’t get rid of it, you will die and infect others. But it became a style, a certain manner: the manner of wearing a cap pulled down over the eyes, fashionable clothes among thieves, gait, gestures, and finally, a tattoo on which there is an abbreviation incomprehensible to mere mortals. You can often find aphorisms and wise sayings written on the body. For example: ELEPHANT - “death to cops from a knife”, BY NIGHT - “no blood, just chefir” (a very strong tea brew used by alcoholics during a hangover), “I lived sinfully, I will die funny”, etc.

But there are principles here too. You cannot imitate “bros,” as this destroys the peculiarity and attractiveness of the thieves’ argot. Deliberate vulgarization betrays someone who has been slandered, and such a person will never win the recognition of authorities.

At the beginning of the century, fenya numbered about four thousand words and phrases. And Stalin’s repressions gave Russia the corresponding neologisms. Camp politics created a whole world, the pieces of which were connected by a link - the Blatnoe argot. Those who served time were often intelligent, talented people recognized as “enemies” of the people. And partly thanks to them, and partly to ordinary lessons, neologisms were created that still exist in the vocabulary of “bros”, and some have entered our speech in such a way that we do not even notice that this is thieves’ slang: swindler, huckster and others. But many of them are passive reserves, and about four hundred of them are used.

The classics of our time showed life behind barbed wire in such a way that every phrase was filled with capacious argot: Dovlatov, Solzhenitsyn, Vysotsky... Their jargon does not repel, but only captivates the reader even more.

But these are classics, but what about ordinary prisoners? Let me give an example from a letter from a prisoner in the 50s:

“In the flayer, the malova was normal, the mandra and loose powder settled in the garage. They bungled it with a Georgian broom, had both married dope and a joint. The orderlies hover on their guards in front of the chief and other farriers so that they don’t end up on the barge...”

Only prepositions are known, but the words are unfamiliar, like another language. But the main thing is for the addressee of the letter to understand. Did he receive it?

Argo is a specialized, common criminal and prison language that arose from the need to preserve professional secrets or everyday speech from others. This was also the speech of the old Russian traders (wandering peddlers), craftsmen and otkhodniks (wool beaters, tinsmiths, saddlers), leaving their villages to earn money. Another reason for the appearance of conventional languages is the desire to hide or disguise the criminal nature of plans and actions, making speech a password for “our own people.” Argot words and expressions used in general speech, in fiction, and journalism are called argotisms.

Slang is a kind of jargonized vernacular of the younger generation, a mixture of argotisms, jargons and foreign words.

Jargon is a social type of speech in relatively open groups of people united by common interests, activities, habits, and ages. The jargon of students is mainly lexemes of common criminal and prison slang. Some of them changed their meaning and in the vocabulary of young people began to denote the realities associated with exams and assessments: to fail, to fall asleep - not to pass an exam, test (in the argot - to be discovered, to be caught red-handed); apparatus - household appliances, computers (in argot - a syringe for drugs); showdown - discussion of controversial issues, trial (often joking, ironic) (in argot - fight, intrigue).

There is a relationship between the profane language of young people and the argotisms of a criminal environment. However, many more words pass from slang to youth slang than from slang to slang. This can be explained, firstly, by the relative stability of the slang, based on the traditions of the criminal environment, and, secondly, by the rapid change in the vocabulary of youth slang, often depending on the influence of fashion. In addition, the slang of schoolchildren is greatly influenced by the jargon of informal groups and musicians. This happens due to the fact that the jargon of musicians “is that social dialect that influences all other youth jargons. Young people are interested in music, songs and often perceive argotisms through songs. Moreover, the repertoire of a number of ensembles ("Magadantsy", "Lesopoval" "etc.) is partly based on thieves' themes." The jargon of informal associations is “a kind of protest against generally accepted norms.” This position brings them closer to the position of students.

In the 20th century Five noticeable changes in youth slang were recorded, three of which are associated with the argotization of vocabulary and two with the appearance of slang words of English origin. Currently, argotic vocabulary predominates in youth slang.

Jargonization of speech is inherent not only in the Russian language, but also in many others. It arises in special conditions of life and communication of groups of people. We can talk about the language of hunters and fishermen, athletes and actors, the language of students and schoolchildren. Of course, when calling certain spheres of social speech “languages,” sociolinguists use this concept conditionally. These are not independent languages, but stable varieties of common speech, unique vocabulary and phraseological unities.

So what is youth slang? This is a mixture of many jargons: criminal (shmonat, bazaar, clothes, arrow...), computer (Windows, drive...) normative vocabulary and profanity: hilat, cormorant and other words formed by adding obscene parts to established slang.

The vocabulary of jargon is limited by the interests of those who use it. In this case, this is fashion, school (institute), representatives of the opposite sex, music, leisure, etc.

Often words and phrases of youth slang are borrowed from “colleagues” from abroad: “6lek”, “6aks”, “ha-er”... It is worth noting that everything is taken from English, an Americanized language, but with the current policy, perhaps , distorted words of German origin will come into fashion. In the meantime, we can distinguish the following groups of borrowings from the English language:

1. Direct acquisitions. The word appears in Russian slang in approximately the same form and meaning as in the original. Size - size, hair - hair, mani - money.

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