The history of the origin of Russian names is brief. Educational project for extracurricular activities on the topic "history of the origin of Russian names and surnames"
Introduction……………………………………………………………3
1. History of Russian names……………………………..4
What are the names……………………………4
Stages of name development……………………………5
New Russian names……………………………9
2. Surnames and their origin……………………….9
Conclusion…………………………………………..14
List of used literature…………………15
Introduction.
The science of proper names is called onomastics. This term is associated with the Greek word onoma - name. Branches of onomastics devoted to the study of individual categories of names also have their own special names. The names of people fall under the purview of anthroponymy (from the Greek anthropos - man, cf. anthropology - the science of man).
The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful personal names.
Science pays great attention to their study. A number of works are devoted to the history and current state of Russian names. However, popular books about Russian names are not enough. Meanwhile, interest in the Russian name book, the names used to name Russian people, is growing not only in our country, but also abroad.
All people have had personal names at all times in all civilizations. For every nation they are connected not only with its culture and way of life, but also with the development of productive forces. In order for any name to appear among a given people, certain cultural and historical conditions are necessary. Therefore, many names bear a vivid imprint of the corresponding era.
Any word with which a person was named was perceived by those around him as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name.
Thus, a personal name (in the Old Russian language also - reclo, nazvische, nickname, name, nickname, pronaming) is a special word that serves to designate an individual person and is given to him individually in order to be able to address him, and also talk about it with others. 1
1. History of Russian names.
1.1. What are the names?
The names of people in different countries and among different peoples are extremely diverse in their sound, origin and use. First of all, there are individual and group names. Examples of individual names among Russians can be the personal names of all the people around us: Ivan Terentyevich Kozlov, Anna Kovaleva. Russian group names do not have a clearly defined form. These include, for example, surnames when they are used in relation to a team - to all family members or spouses: The Petrovskys came; The Ivanovs are fully assembled today. Among other peoples, including Russia, group naming is much more developed. Each person knows not only his first name, patronymic and last name, but also the name of the clan to which he and his family members belong.
Individual names of different peoples differ significantly from each other and from Russians. In addition to the usual personal name, surname and patronymic for us, they have additional nicknames and special names used to exalt especially respected people, desirable names, allegorical names, etc. For some peoples the name is openly announced, for others it is kept secret. Among many peoples, including Russians, the name given in childhood remains with a person for life; among some nations, when people reach a certain age, one name is “removed” and another is “assigned” by persons authorized to do so.
In accordance with the established naming system, all Russians are necessarily called by their first name and patronymic. The patronymic in the form and in the tradition of use that exists in our country is an individual and unique feature of Russian naming.
Currently, 95% of Russian people have old traditional calendar Russian names. Among these names there are well-known ones, but there are also rare ones, unfamiliar and therefore of educational interest to the modern reader. They are called calendar because in the past they were included in church calendars (saints, calendars, menaions) and civil calendars. The term “church names,” sometimes used in everyday life, is incorrect, since these names have a long history associated with the history of peoples that existed long before the advent of Christianity. Personal names placed in church calendars were collected by the Christian church at the beginning of our era. They are nothing more than the names of people of various ancient nations who died as martyrs for the Christian religion and were canonized by the Christian Church as saints.
Along with calendar names, there were non-calendar forms of the same names. They are used in living folk practice, in everyday life, but for various reasons they were not included in calendars. 1
1.2. Stages of name development.
In the history of Russian personal names, three stages are distinguished - pre-Christian, when original names were used on East Slavic soil using the Old Russian language; the period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church began to propagate, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity; and a new stage that began after the Great Patriotic Socialist Revolution and was marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into Russian names and active name creation.
Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that just knowing the name was enough to harm someone.
Old Russian names are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and ingenuity of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes rough simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical defects.
Old Russian names were varied. For example, numeric names represent the entire number series from 1 to 10: First and First, Second, Second, Tretyak, Chetvertak, Chetvertunya, Fifth and Pyatak, Shestok and Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Ninth and Nine, Tenth.
Names based on hair and skin color were also very popular: Chernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava, Chernavka, Bel, White, Belyak, Belukha etc. Names were assigned based on other external characteristics - height, body features: Dry, Thick, Long, Small, Baby, Hare, Lip(with cleft lip) , Head, Golovach, Loban etc.
In addition to names given according to appearance, there were those that were assigned depending on the character and behavior of the child: Besson, Zabava, Krik, Molchan, Neulyba, Smeyana, Smirnoy; Some names indicated the desirability or undesirability of having a child in the family and other circumstances: Bogdan and Bogdana, Bazhen(desired, dear) , Golub, We love, Zhdan and Nezhdan, Chayan and Nechayan, Has ripened, Khoten etc. Some names were given according to the time of birth of the child: Veshnyak(spring) , Winter, Frost(in winter),
There were also names of a different order, dating back to ancient beliefs. These are “bad” names that were supposedly able to ward off evil spirits, illness, and death: Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba Zloba, Staroy.
Of great interest are names associated with the animal and plant world: Wolf, Cat, Foal, Cow, Grass, Branch, etc. Many names given in childhood remained with people throughout their lives. These intra-family names were often supplemented by others, nicknames, given to them already in a public environment, after a person entered into independent life or when changing place of residence or work. They were given according to various criteria: by appearance - Big, Beznos, the nature - Flea(small, restless, sometimes angry person); according to social status - Prince, Barishnik or origin - Frenchman, Tula.
The wide prevalence of these particular names, which persisted until the 16th century, gave impetus to the creation of various additional forms to them - abbreviated, diminutive, endearing ones that were used within the family rather than full ones.
The second very long period in the history of Russian names came after the introduction of Christianity, with which the so-called calendar names came into naming practice. They became an integral part of the Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.
We call them calendars conventionally, since throughout their existence they were given to the Russian people according to church calendars, in which they were distributed over all days of the year. Nowadays, this distribution no longer plays a significant role, since we are not interested in the “memories” (memorable dates) of saints, but in personal names as a linguistic category.
The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the interaction between the Russian vernacular and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was manifested in numerous spelling transformations of personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names for their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.
Of course, all names - both pagan and Christian - were the creation of ordinary people of different nationalities, who took names from their everyday language. Of course, the Christian religion, just like Islam and Judaism, created certain directions for name creation and the perception of names, but their source was not religion, but the people's language. For example, name Evstolia translated from Greek means “well dressed” - in ancient times, good clothes were a symbol of nobility and power.
Christian names, according to church traditions, were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. But these same names belonged in ancient times not only to those persons, real or mythical, whom the church honored, but also to thousands of other people - representatives of those peoples from whose language these names were borrowed.
The same should be said about “pagan” names: Old Russian names Vyacheslav, Vsemil, Domaneg were the people who worshiped pagan gods. However, the names themselves had nothing to do with paganism.
The official adoption of Christianity in Rus' occurred in 988, when Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich baptized the inhabitants of Kyiv. During his reign, Christianity became the state religion. The adoption of Christianity was dictated by the need to strengthen princely power and the internal unity of the ancient Russian state.
The Christianization of the population of Rus' and the obligatory rite of baptism were accompanied by the naming of people with new Christian personal names, the lists of which were the Byzantine Christian church with religious rites. They entered the Old Russian language not in translations, but in genuine foreign language sounds, absolutely incomprehensible and alien to Russian people. Many names of ancient Russians correspond exactly in translation to those names that came from Byzantium: Greek. Agathon(translated as “kind”) corresponds to the Russian name Dobrynya.
Story origin names and surnames
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Book >> HistoryAmericans, Spaniards, Dutch and Russians, were present during the entire battle... The word "ancient" here means names And surnames thirty-six historical characters. ...told this history, which he clearly believed in origin this fossil. ...
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Abstract >> State and lawLegal sciences have their own history (story main schools and directions... origin Russian states. The groundlessness of this theory was shown by M.V. Lomonosov. But it is necessary have...in a number of publications in recent years this
Ministry of Education, Science and Youth Policy
Krasnodar region
state budgetary professional educational institution
Krasnodar Territory "Krasnodar Pedagogical College"
Educational project
in the discipline MDK.02.01 Fundamentals of organizing extracurricular work
HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN NAMES AND SURNAMES
specialty Teaching in primary school
Completed:
2nd year students of the “Ash” group
school department
Ballod Christina
Belenko Anastasia
Davidenko Anastasia
Igonina Victoria
Sviridonova Nadezhda
Supervisor:
Grigoryan Marina Renikovna
Krasnodar, 2018
| INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………… | |
| MAIN PART…………………………………………………………. | |
| 1. History of Russian names……………………………………………………. | |
| 1.1. Stages of name development……………………………………………………… | |
| 2. Surnames and their origin………………………………………………………... | |
| 3. History of the names and surnames of project participants…………………………. | |
| 3.1 History of the origin of names………………………………………….. | |
| 3.2 History of the origin of surnames…………………………………….. | |
| CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………. |
INTRODUCTION
Project problem: Many of us do not think about the origin, method of education or age of our surname.
Objective of the project: Study the history of the emergence of Russian names and surnames, their meaning.
The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful personal names.
MAIN PART
1. History of Russian names
1.1. Stages of name development
There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names: pre-Christian when original names were used on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language; period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity; And a new stage that began after the Great Patriotic Socialist Revolution and marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into Russian names and active name creation.
Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that just knowing the name was enough to harm someone.
Old Russian names reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and ingenuity of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes crude simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical defects.
Old Russian names were varied. For example, in numerical names the entire number series from 1 to 10 is represented: Perva and Pervaya, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak, Chetvertak, Chetvertunya, Fifth and Pyatak, Shestok and Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Ninth and Nine, Tenth.
Names based on hair and skin color were also very popular: Chernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava, Chernavka, Bel, Bely, Belyak, Belukha, etc. Names were also assigned based on other external characteristics - height, physique features: Dry, Fat, Long, Small, Baby, Hare, Lip (with harelip), Head, Golovach, Loban, etc.
In addition to names given according to appearance, there were those that were assigned depending on the character and behavior of the child: Besson, Zabava, Krik, Molchan, Neulyba, Smeyana, Smirnaya. There were also names of another order that go back to ancient beliefs. These are “bad” names that were supposedly able to ward off evil spirits, illness, death: Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba Zloba, Staroy. There were names associated with the animal and plant world: Wolf, Cat, Foal, Cow, Grass, Branch, etc.
The second very long period in the history of Russian names came after the introduction of Christianity, with which the so-called calendar names came into naming practice. They became an integral part of the Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.
We call them calendars conventionally, since throughout their existence they were given to the Russian people according to church calendars, in which they were distributed over all days of the year.
The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the interaction between the Russian vernacular and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was manifested in numerous spelling transformations of personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names for their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.
The adoption of new names by the Russian population was very slow. The majority of Russian people, even after the baptismal ceremony, continued to name their children in their own way, according to custom, until the 17th century, i.e. in Russian.
Over the course of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, there was a process of assimilation of foreign names. Already by the 14th century, many of the borrowed names acquired the form in which they are now found in popular dialects. Gradually, foreign names became familiar, familiar to Russian people,
The third stage in the development of Russian names, which continues today, began with the publication of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of January 23, 1918 on the separation of church from state and school from church. This decree marked the beginning of the free choice of personal names by parents and declared civil birth registration instead of church baptism.
The decree destroyed the centuries-old power of the church over the people, and Russian personal names, together with their living bearers - Russian people - began a new life. In the first years after the October Revolution, the bulk of those born were given old names. Even in the most progressive families, grandmothers baptized their grandchildren in church in secret from their parents. But at the same time, the results of active anti-religious propaganda also had an impact - some no longer wanted to give their children names in memory of certain saints and came up with new ones or borrowed foreign ones, not suspecting that many of them were the same, widespread names, just in another language. Name-making began mainly in cities, where revolutionary events primarily began to influence the ideology of people.
In the mid-1920s, name creation reached its apogee. New names were published in various calendars, including detachable ones, published in millions of copies.
2. Surnames and their origin.
According to anthroponymic scientists, Russian surnames can be divided into the following main groups:
1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms of baptismal Christian names.
2. Surnames that have retained worldly names at their core. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not exist: many of them were simply proper names, others arose as nicknames, but then their basis was forgotten and they became just names. Superstitious parents gave third names to their children in order to save them from various everyday problems: it was here that princes named Farmhand and Golik, priests named Devil and Satan, and, finally, numerous Fools and Blockheads who were not such appeared. The parents had only one concern: let the child safely avoid the troubles that the name given to him entails.
3. Surnames formed from the professional nicknames of their ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kovalis, etc.
4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors was from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc. d.
5. An interesting group of Russian surnames belonged to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky. Some experts will ask: “But many Russian surnames are of Muslim, Buddhist or Jewish origin?” The answer is simple: all the surnames of the peoples of the globe that exist in our time arose under approximately the same circumstances. But only the Russian Orthodox clergy, which, unlike other concessions, never tried to “press the Bessermen to their fingernails,” introduced enviable diversity into Russian surnames. It was here that the names of Hyacinths and Tuberoses, Cypresses and Ptolemies, Caesars and Emperors and many others arose as a result of special word creation.
3. History of the names and surnames of project participants
3.1 History of the origin of names
1. Anastasia
The meaning of the name Anastasia insists that the source lies in the ancient Greek name book, a culture that gave birth to hundreds of beautiful modern names. The name Anastasia is the feminine form of the male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek it means “return to life”, “resurrection”, “resurrection”, “immortal”. Russian folk form - Nastasya.
2. Victoria
The name Victoria is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic, Greek. The name Victoria comes from the Latin word "Victoria", meaning "victory". The same interpretation is given to this name. In Roman mythology, Victoria is the goddess of victory, corresponds to the Greek goddess of victory Nike, therefore the name Victoria is analogous to the name Nike
3. Christina
The name Christina is the Russian pronunciation of the female name Christina. The name Christina is derived from the Latin name Christianus, meaning “Christian.” This name is also sometimes pronounced Christiana (Christiana). Previously, peasants in Rus' used the word Christina to call ordinary people. Over time, it left the Russian language. Having returned as a name, it began to carry a foreign connotation with a share of aristocracy.
4. Hope
The name Nadezhda is Russian, Orthodox, Catholic, Greek. The name Nadezhda has Greek roots and is a literal translation of the Greek name Elpis, which was borne by one of the three sisters, revered Christian martyrs (Faith, Hope and Love). Their names reflect the three main virtues of Christianity. The name Nadezhda had an ancient Russian form - Nadezha, which helped this name take root and strengthen among people.
3.2. History of the origin of surnames
1. Ballod
The surname Ballod belongs to the category of quite common in the territories of Russia and neighboring countries. In well-known ancient receipts, citizens with this surname were important persons from the Russian Murom philistinism in the 18th-19th centuries, who held good power and honors. Historical evidence of the surname can be seen in the census of Rus' during the time of Ivan the Terrible. The sovereign had a special register of privileged and pleasant-sounding surnames, which were awarded to those close to him only in case of special merit or encouragement. Therefore, this surname has personal origins and is rare.
2. Belenko
The surname Belenko belongs to the ancient type of Russian surnames. During the times of Kievan Rus, the patronymic suffix –enko among the southern Slavs meant “small” or “son of so-and-so.” Thus, from the nickname Bel, with the help of the patronymic suffix –enko, the ancient surname Belenko arose. Nowadays, the Ukrainian surname Belenko can be found in a variety of historical areas, which indicates close ties between various Slavic peoples.
3. Davidenko
The surname Davidenko belongs to a common type of Ukrainian surnames and is derived from the baptismal name David, which translated from Hebrew means “beloved.” Most likely, the formation of the Davidenko surname began around the 14th century, which is due to historical processes. Thus, since the 16th century, Ukraine has been in close contact with European peoples.
4. Igonina
The basis of the surname Igonin was the church name Ignatius. Igonia is a diminutive version of the baptismal name Ignatius, which translated from Latin means “unknown” or “fiery.” Most likely, the founder of the Igonin family was a man from a simple class, since people from the social elite were called respectfully by their full names. In addition, the name Ignatius itself has always been considered common. So, they jokingly said about the poor man: “Igoshka lives: there is a dog and a cat.”
5. Sviridonova
The basis of the Sviridon surname was the church name Spiridon. Sviridon is a derivative form of the name Spiridon. The name Spiridon itself has controversial origins. According to one version, it is derived from the Latin personal name, meaning “born out of wedlock.” According to another version, this name is of Greek origin and is translated as “gift of the soul” or “wicker basket.”
CONCLUSION
Interest in first and last names is not idle curiosity. Personal name and surname are not a personal matter. It is a social sign. Everyone needs to get to know them. The first task, practical, universal and mandatory, is the deliberate choice of what to name your son or daughter. But many other practical problems arise. Older people face difficulties when they find themselves recorded differently in documents.
A personal name and surname, an integral part of the world culture of mankind, can reveal a lot in the history of a people and in the history of its language.
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION –
GYMNASIUM No. 2
MUNICIPAL COMPETITION
YOUTH RESEARCH “SCIENCE DAY”
PROJECT WORK ON ONOMASTICS
(studying the origin of Russian names)
PROJECT TOPIC: “The history of the emergence of Russian names”
Performed:
Chirkova Margarita
Class: 9A
Scientific adviser:
Alexandrova Tatyana Vladimirovna
Job title:
teacher of Russian language
and literature
G. Klin, 2017
Contents page
Introduction. 2-3
History of the study of onomastics in Russian
linguistics (generalization) 3-4
states. 4-14
Statistics on the frequency of use of personal names in different
historical eras. 14-19
Conclusion. 19-20
Bibliographic list of used literature. 21
Application. 22-24
I. Introduction.
Every person has a name that he receives at birth. A name is a kind of linguistic sign indicating a specific person. The science of proper names is called onomastics, it studies their emergence, change, even the dependence of the distribution of names on time and location, therefore the frequency of use of the same names in different historical eras is not the same. People's names often reflect the history and traditions of people, so studying them can help to better understand the past of a people and their cultural ties. The names of Russian people are of particular interest, since Russia is a multinational state and the influence of onomastics of other languages is very great.
Relevance This work is determined by the fact that no hours are allocated for the study of onomastics in the school curriculum; it is only mentioned when studying nouns, when proper names are discussed. This is not enough to learn about onomastics, which is why sometimes misunderstandings arise when some parents call their children names that have somewhat strange meanings. In addition, this section of the science of language continues to develop and opens up new prospects for research.
Purpose of the study : to identify the dependence of onomastics on the development of traditions and the spiritual state of the people in different historical eras.
To achieve this goal, the following were set:tasks :
study the history of research in the field of onomastics in Russian linguistics;
determine the peculiarities of the origin of some names in different historical eras;
When performing the work, the following general scientific methods were used: observation, comparison, analysis, generalization, method of collecting and processing information.
The information base consisted of works by linguists devoted to the study of onomastics (A. V. Suslova, A. V. Superanskaya, L. V. Uspensky, E. N. Polyakova, L. M. Shchetinin), a dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology, and a textbook by T. Shmeleva. In “Onomastics”, as well as educational and methodological publications of other domestic authors.
The work consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and a bibliography.
The introduction formulates the purpose and objectives of the research, substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, defines the subject and methods of the research, gives a brief overview of the information base of the work, and describes its structure. The first section includes information from the history of the emergence of a personal name in the pre-Christian era, the second - the era associated with the emergence of Christianity in Rus', the third shows the place of a personal name in the modern world.
I. History of the study of onomastics in Russian linguistics (generalization)
In the Encyclopedia of the Russian Language, edited by F.P. Filin, we read that “onomastics is a branch of linguistics that studies any proper names, the history of their origin and transformation, as well as the very totality of all proper names.” Many works of outstanding Russian linguists are devoted to the study of this branch of linguistics.
Until the 17th century, the term “name” was not used in its usual meaning; it was understood as a nickname, and only in the 18th century did differentiation occur and the term “name” began to be understood as a proper name given at baptism.
Veselovsky S.B. in his work “Onomasticon. Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames” concerns the issue of Russian historical onomastics, explores the names of boyars, townspeople, peasants of North-Eastern Rus' of the 15th – 17th centuries.
In 1903, N. M. Tupikov created a dictionary of Old Russian proper names.
VC. Chichagov in the book “From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames”, using the material of many historical documents, explores the history of the formation and development of Russian names
A.M. Selishchev in his work “The Origin of Russian Surnames, Personal Names and Nicknames” studies the origin of surnames and reveals some unknown pages in the life and culture of our ancestors.
The famous linguist A.V. Superanskaya in her monograph “The General Theory of the Proper Name” examines the theoretical problems of onomastics, determines its place in l linguistics, tracks the connection of names with people's lives.
Her work “Name - through centuries and countries” traces the connection of names with surnames, geographical names, with ancient legends and myths.
V.D. Bondaletov in the book “Russian Onomastics” considers a proper name as a linguistic category, pays attention to the specifics of a proper name, and defines the boundary between onomastics and common noun vocabulary.
Shmeleva T.V. In the textbook "Onomastics" he examines the problems of onomastics using examples of animal names, people's names, and geographical names.
Thus, we see that onomastics has always attracted the attention of linguists, since it is an interesting branch of linguistics for study and research.
II. “Life” of a personal name at all stages of Russian development
states.
Throughout the existence of mankind on Earth, all people have had personal names, but not every one of us knows where his name came from. A personal name is a special word given to a person individually from birth in order to distinguish him from other people, in order to address him, and also, by calling a person’s name, to talk about him with others.
Names are closely connected with human life, artistic creativity, historical contacts, with the fantasies and beliefs of people; they certainly bear the imprint of the corresponding era and culture. Every citizen of Russia is the bearer and creator of the Russian language and names, and therefore of our centuries-old history. What will be inherited by our descendants and what will be carried away by the river of time depends only on us, and in this difficult process theonomastics - a science whose object of study is a person’s name.
There are three stages in the history of the existence of Russian personal names:
1) pre-Christian, when original names were used, created on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language;
2) the period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church, together with religious Christian rituals, began to impose foreign names;
3) and a new stage that began after the revolution of 1917, when a large number of new names began to penetrate into the Russian name book, associated with the restructuring of the old society.
Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus' personal names were very similar to nicknames, which were given to a person on one or another basis that distinguished him from other people. All people are individual, therefore there were a lot of nicknames that characterize a person. Thus, thanks to popular imagination, on the one hand, the ancient Russian names revealed the richness of the language, on the other, the amazing observation of the Russian person, his kindness, generosity, sociability, and sometimes, when it came to moral vices or physical shortcomings, even simplicity, coming from the very heart , rudeness.
Thanks to this ability of people to select an appropriate name, Old Russian names were quite diverse. For example, our ancestors have long used so-called “numeric” names, which represent the entire number series from one to ten:First AndFirst, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak (by the way, this name was one of the most common in Rus'),Thursday, Thursday, Fifth AndPyatak, Shestok AndShestak, Semoy AndSemak, Osmoy AndOsmak, Ninth AndNine, Tenth. It is quite obvious that « direct descendants of these names" currently continue to live in such modern surnames as:Pervov and Pervy, Tretyak AndTretyakov, Chetvertak AndChetvertakov, Shestak, Shestakov and others. None of the above names are registered in modern times, but old onesborrowed Numerical names are often found even now:Prim (first),Octavius (eighth) andOctavia (eighth).
Such external signs as, for example, a person’s height and features of his physique could also be used by our ancestors. This is how the names appeared:Sukhoi, Tolstoy, Long, Malyuta, Maloy, Malusha, Hare, Head, Golovach, Loban. To explain such spelling, It is necessary to note the fact that in ancient times in adjectives that now end in -th And -yay, often written -Ouch : white, small, long.
In addition to names given based on appearance, there were also those that were assigned depending on the character and behavior of the child:Besson, Bulgak (restless),Fun, Nesmeyana, Smirnaya . Some names indicated the desirability or undesirability of having a child in the family and many other circumstances:Bogdan and Bogdana , Bazhen (desired, dear),Golub, Love, Lyubava, Zhdan AndNezhdan, Chayan AndNechay, Milava, Later and others. There are names that were given according to the time of birth of the child: born in the spring - they calledVeshnyak , in winter -Winter, Frost .
Very popular in ancient times were names given by hair and skin color: Chernysh, Chernyay, Chernava, Chernavka, Bel, Belyai, Belyak, Beloy, Belukha and many others. The dictionary of ancient Russian personal names, compiled by the famous Russian linguist N.M. Tupikov, contains 30 names with the root -bel-, and also lists 41 surnames that include the stem -bel-.
There were also names of a different order, dating back to ancient beliefs: Goryain, Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba, Neustroy, Zloba, Tugarin (from “tuga” - sadness). It was believed that these “bad” names were able to ward off evil spirits, illness, and death.
It was often possible to learn by their names about the neighbors with whom Russian people had lived since ancient times, for example:Kozarin (Khazarin),Chudin (representative of the Finno-Ugric tribe Chud),Karel, Tatar . Many names given in childhood remained with people throughout their lives.
Now let’s pay attention to the names of the old professions: silversmith, gunner, coppersmith, they also served to form personal or family nicknames, as evidenced by the following names - Pushechnikovs, Mednikovs, Serebryanikovs. In V.V. Danilevsky’s book “Russian Technology” there is valuable information for us about ancient Russian masters who bear the following nicknames: “...Bogdan Kovyrin, Zhdan Abramov – builders,Tretyak Astafiev AndNekras Mikhailov - silversmiths,Belyak Rusaev AndNine Agafonov - coppersmiths,Fifth Bogdanov AndBulgak Novgorodov - gunners,Vikhorko Ivanov - iron master..."
It is interesting to note the fact that among the Old Russian names there are those that have survived to this day:Vadim, Vsevolod , others, long forgotten, are now being revived. In modern reference books today you can find beautiful names left to us by our ancestors as a legacy:Dobrynya, Zhdan, Lyubava, Yaroslav.
Second a period in the history of the formation of Russian names has arrivedafter the introduction of Christianity . At this time, so-called calendar names came into practice. They also became an integral part of the Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.Calendar we call them conventionally, since they were given to newborns according to church calendars, taking into account the memorial dates of saints, and were distributed over all days of the year. The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the close connection between the Russian folk language and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This process was complex and laborious and manifested itself in numerous spelling changes in personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names claiming their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.
Of course, all names - both pagan and Christian - were the creation of representatives of many nationalities, who took names from their everyday language. Of course, the Christian religion created certain directions for name creation and the perception of names, but their source was still not religion, but the same beautiful folk language. Therefore, in the Christian calendar, upon studying them in more detail, oddly enough, one can find many names derived from the designations of the ancient pagan gods, “overthrown” by the early Christians:Apollo, Hermogenes, Hermias (from Hermes) and many others.
According to church traditions, Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of a new religion. But these same names belonged in ancient times not only to those persons whom the church honored, but also to thousands of other people - representatives of those peoples from whose language these names were borrowed. The same should be said about “pagan” names: Old Russian namesVyacheslav, Vsemil, Domaneg were the names of people who worshiped pagan gods, but the names themselves had nothing to do with paganism.
The official adoption of Christianity in Rus', as is known, occurred in 988, when Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich baptized the inhabitants of Kyiv. It was during his reign that Christianity became the state religion. At this time, important state events were taking place in Rus': the princes needed to strengthen their power and achieve the internal unity of the ancient Russian state. This was greatly facilitated by the adoption of Christianity. The Christianization of the population of Rus' was accompanied by the obligatory rite of baptism, which led to the naming of people with new Christian names. The names of these names were transmitted by the Byzantine Christian church along with the religious rites that replaced the pagan ones. They entered the Old Russian language in genuine foreign-language sounds and were completely incomprehensible and alien to the Russian people of that time. Today we understand that many of the names of the ancient Russians correspond exactly to the names that came from Byzantium. Yes, GreekAgathon , translated into Russian meaning “kind”, corresponds to the nameDobrynya , LatinPaul (translated as small) – RussianSmall, Baby , Small , GreekAgapius and HebrewDavid – RussianWe love you , GreekPeter and SyrianCephas – RussianStone (the surname is derived from himKamenev ).
It should be noted that the adoption of new names by the Russian population proceeded very slowly: most of them continued to name their children in their own way, according to custom, until the 17th century, that is, in Russian. The baptized, or godfather, name - “reklo, nazvische, nickname”, as it was often called then - was given by priests according to the calendar in accordance with the name that fell on the child’s birthday or baptism according to the calendar. Parents in such situations were most often not given the opportunity to choose.
The famous Soviet poet M. Vladimov in his poem “Saints” describes the situation that existed at that time:
In the old days there was such a custom:
They carried the baby to church. There,
Pointing a finger at the pages of the calendar,
Pop gave names by day.
Since you were born on the day of Efim,
It is called by this name.
But if on the day of Jerome,
Whether you like it or not - Jerome!
Beautiful Old Russian namesVladislav, Vladimir, Svyatogor the church did not recognize them, considering them pagan, which is why the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich was given the name at baptismBasil , and the Kyiv princessOlga , one of the first to convert to Christianity, she was “renamed” in the same way, and in 957, at her baptism, she was given the nameElena. Boris and Gleb , the youngest sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, were named at baptismRoman and David , however, history and the people, who treated them with special respect, reverence and love, fortunately, have preserved for us only their pre-Christian names.
The rewriting of liturgical books in Rus' and their translation into Church Slavonic, starting from the 11th century, was carried out by well-educated people. It was thanks to their efforts and efforts that it was possible to preserve the best and most acceptable variants of names in the spelling that corresponded to their living, modern sound for that time, namely:Katerina, Nestor, Izmail, Demyan, Kupriyan , and not use in those forms that were placed in church books:Catherine, Nestor, Ismail, Damian, Cyprian.
Over the next three centuries, there was an assimilation of foreign names, and by the 14th century many foreign names had become familiar to Russian people. This time became a kind of milestone in the history of Russian onomastics. Russian princes could no longer be called by two names, since church norms did not provide for this, but among persons of lower rank, ancient dual names were preserved for another two centuries. Birch bark letters, which preserved Russian names, along with calendar names, brought to us pre-Christian, pagan, and names that can be considered simultaneously both Christian and pagan. So, it could be an old Russian nameMironeg and conform to ChristianMiron, and the nameDansha could be an abbreviation for ChristianDaniel , and from Old RussianDanslav.
Third stage The development of Russian names, which continues to this day, began with the publication of the decree about the separation of church and state and school from church. The decree adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on January 23, 1918, marked the beginning of the free choice of personal names by parents and declared civil registration legal instead of church baptism. From that moment on, the Russian nominal series included new Russian names that arose during the years of the revolutionary breakdown of the old way of life, the breakdown of many traditional ideas that had been established for centuries.
In the first years after the October Revolution, those born still continued to be given the old names. Even in the most advanced families, grandmothers secretly baptized their grandchildren in church secretly from their parents. But at the same time, the results of active anti-religious propaganda also had an impact - many no longer wanted to give their children names in memory of certain saints and came up with new ones or borrowed foreign ones, not suspecting that many of them were the same, widespread names, just in another language. This process took place actively in cities where revolutionary events significantly influenced the ideology and consciousness of people. Special studies by linguists and works of fiction that reflected this time period on their pages help modern people understand what names appeared at that time.
Let us recall the second part of M. Vladimov’s poem “Saints”, which was already heard earlier:
The era with a new vocabulary
Burst into the speech of workshops and villages.
Amphilochia went to the revolutionary committees,
Adelaide - to the Komsomol.
They are in tune with their era
The Octobermen were named:
Zarya, Idea, Pioneer,
Revmir, Revput and Diamat.
And here is one of many, in my opinion, most interesting examples of life at that time. In the 1930s, the Northern Sea Route began to be developed; for this purpose, it was necessary to begin settling the sparsely populated areas on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. There were many enthusiasts who decided to go and live in these distant lands. One of the brave mothers who made such a bold decision, here, in a God-forsaken place, in a bay called Tiksi, on the Laptev Sea, had a daughter. She was namedTiksi. The girl grew up and went to work. “What will we call you?” asked her future colleagues. - After allTiksi strange and ugly name." But the girl proudly replied: “I’m used to it and I love my name. Tiksi is the place of my birth, and I want to be called only. This is how toponyms appeared in the history of Russian names.
The contemporaries of the October Revolution had names that were very unusual from a modern point of view -Idea, Iskra, Kommunar, Marat, Oktyabrina. All these names reflected the new views and sympathies of the Russian people towards new trends in society. In the mid-1920s, name creation reached its highest point. New names were published in various calendars, including detachable ones, published in millions of copies. Along with the well-known ones, one could find names such as:Homer, Horace, Cromwell, Ampere, Voltus, Bosphorus, Volga, Colchis, Commissioner, Radishch, Proletkult. The lists of names included in the calendars of those years were only a part of the names created in those years. Soon this newfangled hobby, as one would expect, began to decline, and already in the pre-war years and especially after the Great Patriotic War, they began to use mainly old, familiar Russian names for naming newborns. It turned out that the majority of the middle-aged and elderly Russian population are bearers of old Russian names, including such rare ones asAfanasy, Gerasim, Kapiton, Agrafena, Matryona, Praskovya. Many of these names turned out to be by no means isolated among representatives of the younger generation.
Two decades later, in the records of newborns in the early 70s, the largest place among new names was occupied by the names of the peoples of the then USSR - Tatar, Uzbek, Latvian, Estonian and many others. In their historical homeland, they were, of course, not new in origin, but for the Russian population they turned out to be so. But even against the background of this new hobby, the most often encountered, of course, first of all, were the names of Slavic peoples - such as:Stanislav, Yanina , less often –Albert, Arthur, Angelica, Marat, Renat, Ruslan, Violetta, Diana, Nellie .
The life of any person is closely connected with his homeland, with the places where he was born and raised. A person’s memory stores both difficult and joyful events, sometimes associated with certain places. Many admire the new cities they see. And if a son or daughter was born in such a remarkable place for a person, the parents, in memory of everything they saw and felt, give them appropriate names.
A natural attachment to native or memorable places gives rise to traditions: in Siberia they like to give children names after the names of the mighty rivers of this region -Angara, Lena, Amur, Vitim, Aldan . The fundamental possibility of forming a personal name from a geographical name was once described in the newspaper Pravda in 1972. The lyrical essay entitled “A Dozen of My Children” was dedicated to the brotherhood of Soviet peoples. Here is a brief summary of its content: “I am an Uzbek. My son died in Ukraine. The wife died of grief. You can’t weave a fence with one stake, you can’t build a fire with one log. I came to the orphanage and said: “A tent without a child is like a bow without an arrow. Give me an orphan, I’ll replace his father.” They answered me: “Here are twelve children. Choose anyone." I chose everyone." The name of this wonderful man was Rakhmatulla Saidshakovich Shirmukhamedov.
This name proved difficult for the children gathered from all over the country, and they began to call him PapaTashkent . Rahmatullah gave them names also according to the place of birth of each:Orel, Minsk, Riga, Lvov, Kyiv, Leningrad . This essay ends like this: “I don’t know if I will live a thousand years, but I firmly believe that our friendship will live longer. Because wealth is not wealth, brotherhood is wealth!”
Among the modern names derived from the names of places, there are the following:Aldan, Amur, Angara, Lena, Volga, Kama, Samara . It is known that in St. Petersburg one girl was given the nameNeva. This is how toponyms continue to live in the Russian language.
IV. Statistics on the frequency of use of personal names in different
historical eras.
The frequency of use of different names is not the same. Now, as before, some names are found very often, others less frequently, and there are also very rare, little-known names. What does this depend on? Let's try to understand the frequency of use of personal names in different historical eras. The composition of church calendars is rich in male names, about 900 of them, and about 250 female names. Once upon a time, the prevalence of individual names depended mainly on how often they appeared in the calendar. Some male names were listed up to 35 times a year, and the nameIvan (John) - 79 times, but many only 1-2 times. Female names were found mostly 1-2 times, and only a few more often:Anna – 18 times, Maria – 12 times. Many old euphonious names turned out to be forgotten only because they appeared in the calendar once a year and therefore had only individual bearers. These are, for example, the namesVenedim, Donat, Elisha, Eli, Severin . After the separation of church and state, the composition of traditional Russian names turned out to be even more limited.
When the church calendar played the main role in choosing a name for a newborn, in some cases the choice was relatively free. For example, on August 22, according to the new style, there were 7 male names:Alexey, Anton, Dmitry, Ivan, Matvey, Peter, Yakov, and in some calendars there were three more names:Leonty, Markian, Julian . On April 2 of the new style there are 14 female names, includingAnatolia, Euphemia, Claudia, Juliania. Of all these names, one could choose the most desirable one, if the priest did not interfere with this. As of October 11, there were 71 names, among themIliodor, Neon, Nifont, Pimen, Feofan, Erasmus and only one female name -Juliana.
Such a rich set of names for one day was very rare. In December, on the 31st calendar day there were only 20 female names, and all girls born in December, depending on the day of baptism, could receive a name only from this list:Agafya, Anastasia, Angelina, Anisia, Anna, Anfisa, Anfia, Varvara, Domna, Eugenia, Zoya, Claudia, Lukia, Melania, Miropia, Feofania, Theophila, Theodotia, Theodora, Juliania.
Modern rare Russian names were not rare in the past. So, the names are known:Agathon, Kiryak, Myron, Micah, Moses, Pankratius, Tryphon and others. Folk versions of Russian calendar names were widely used:Abram and Avramiy, Akinth (from Iakinth), Anisim (from Onesimus), Averyan (from Averky and Valerian), Zot and Izot (from Zotik), Larion (from Hilarion), Liodor (from Iliodor), Login (from Longinus) and others. Were truly rareAsterius, Vil, Gorazd, Irinius, Largius, Mares, Narcis, Peon, Hilary, Kion, Mammoth (from churchMamant ), Smaragd, Philosopher.
It would be wrong to explain the popularity or unpopularity of individual names only by how often they were repeated in calendars. Some names likeAntip, Gerasim, Ermolai, Pakhom, Samson, Taras, Ustin , as well asKsenia, Daria, Ekaterina, were recorded once a year, but in the past they were very common. Others, repeated several times a year, -Antonin, German, Zinon, Jonah, Neon, Serapion, Julian (Iulian) - rarely met in everyday life.
The Christian religion managed to adapt the folk calendar to its cult. Thus, the ancient Slavic holiday of the birth of the new sun was timed by the church to coincide with the celebration of Christmas. She had to recognize other ancient pagan holidays and cults. For example, the Christian Midsummer Day on June 24 (July 7 of the new style), popularly called Ivan Kupala, is dedicated to a pagan holiday associated with the cult of bathing, which marked the beginning of the warm season. Although, as already indicated, the name John was listed in church calendars 79 times a year, only this one was called Midsummer. According to legends, on the night before Ivan Kupala, various miracles took place in nature: ferns bloomed, bell flowers rang.
The Day of Peter and Paul, June 29 (July 12 of the new style), was timed by the Christian church to coincide with the ancient Yarilin day, which fell in the middle of summer. Ilyin's day, July 20 (August 2 new style), was popularly considered the end of summer. After this day they stopped swimming in rivers and lakes. The Christian cult of Elijah the Prophet merged with the pagan cult of Perun the Thunderer. Later, the image of the people's hero Ilya of Muromets, whom the church subsequently canonized, became closer to the image of Elijah the Prophet.
Since ancient times, the Russian people have had many different signs about the prospects for the harvest, about the conditions in which mowing, harvesting, etc. will take place. As the church calendar entered everyday life, these signs were assigned to certain calendar dates. So, according to folk superstitions, if on the day of Evdokia, March 1 (March 14 of the new style), the chicken at the porch can drink some water, that is, if the puddles melt, spring will be friendly. Hence the saying: “The Evdokei came to give the peasant ideas: to sharpen the plow, to repair the harrow.” On the day of Fedul, April 5 (April 18 of the new style), they noted: “Fedul came - a warm wind blew.” On May 14 (May 27 new style), on the day of Sidor, cucumbers were usually planted, so this day was also called Sidor-Cucumber; the people said: “The Sidors have passed, and the sivers have passed,” that is, the cold has passed; July 24 (August 6, new style) - “Boris and Gleb - the bread has ripened”; September 1 and 2 (September 14 and 15 of the new style) - “Do not drive out cattle to Semyon and Rufina.”
All the examples given indicate the deep penetration of many calendar names into folk life. Naturally, in cases where there was relative freedom of choice, preference was given to a familiar name. Some exceptions were the names of Elijah the Prophet, St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Virgin Mary. The sacred awe of their power contributed to the fact that they refrained from calling children by these names. True, these same names Elijah, Nicholas and Maria belonged to other saints, and children were given them in memory, for example, Mary of Egypt or Mary Magdalene, Nicholas the Confessor or Nicholas the Venerable, Elijah of Sinai.
Finally, when choosing a name, a certain role was played by family traditions and personal tastes, and later by the fashion for names, which arose, as a rule, in cities and with some lag, but still penetrated into the countryside.
City dwellers have always had more choice of names than villagers. In cities, already in the 18th century, a circle of the most common and favorite names developed. Basically it has survived to this day, with only some deviations regarding the prevalence of individual names.
The most common male names at the end of the 19th century were:Ivan, Vasily, Mikhail, Peter, Fedor, Pavel, Alexander, Andrey, Semyon, Nikolay, Stepan, Yakov, Grigory, Alexey, Sergey, Georgy, Egor, Nikita. All these names are well known not only by themselves, but also by the enormous prevalence of surnames derived from them. The most popular female names were:Maria, Anna, Nadezhda, Elena, Olga, Elizaveta, Alexandra, Ekaterina, Katerina, Natalia, Praskovya, Matryona, Evdokia, Avdotya, Lydia, Tatyana, Sofia, Anastasia, Nastasya, Ksenia, Varvara, Lyubov, Marfa, Taisiya.
The following table traces changes in the prevalence of the seven male and seven female names that were most common in the 19th century (see Table 1 in the Appendix).
After the decree of the Soviet government on the separation of church from state and school from church, a transition to civil registration of births occurred, and people began to choose the name of their newborn. Mostly Russians still use old, traditional Russian names to this day. These names (in their relatively small set) are now given to 95 percent of all newborns registered in large cities of Russia.
The new namebook gradually absorbs those Russian names that have proven acceptable for our time. Folk forms of old Russian names have become established:Egor, Akim, Artem, Katerina, Danila, Nastasya, Arina, and in Due to the prevalence of interethnic marriages, the names of representatives of different nations also joined the composition of the Russian name book.
As a result of the accounting carried out in recent years, groups of names have been determined according to the frequency of their use (see Table No. 2 in the Appendix).
While working on this project topic, I wanted to conduct my own statistical research on this issue. For this purpose, I covered all the ninth grades of our Gymnasium. The results of this work are reflected in table No. 3 (see Appendix).
After conducting research, I found out that the most common male names in ninth grade are:Vladislav, Andrey AndDaniel , and for women -Victoria, Ekaterina AndAnastasia. Much to my surprise, my name Margarita turned out to be the only one in this series of names.
V. Conclusion.
So, the subject of my research was Russian names, the goal was to identify the dependence of onomastics on the development of traditions and the spiritual state of the people in different historical eras.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
study the history of research in the field of onomastics in Russian
linguistics;
determine the peculiarities of the origin of some names in different
historical eras;
group the names of students of Gymnasium No. 2 based on the frequency of their use.
In the process of work, using observation, comparison, analysis, generalization, the method of collecting and processing information, the history of research on onomastics in linguistics was studied, using the example of the names of my classmates and other students of gymnasium No. 2, the frequency of use of some names was identified and based on this conclusions were drawn:
a personal name is a special word given to a person at birth individually in order to distinguish him from other people, in order to be able to address a person through a name, as well as point to him when talking about him with others;
Onomastics, as a part of linguistics, is a little-studied section of the modern Russian language that can provide useful and interesting information to students both to expand their overall development and to understand its role in human life, from ancient times to the present day, on the way the entire historical development;
a personal name is a significant part of Russian national culture,
which has evolved over many centuries and which is still
can express itself from a new, insufficiently studied side.
The goal of the study has been achieved. By analyzing the names of Russian people, I expanded my knowledge and discovered new facets of such an amazing branch of linguistics as onomastics. The practical significance of the project is obvious: it can be used when studying proper names in Russian language and literature lessons, in elective courses and in extracurricular activities.
So, names represent a huge layer of living Russian speech, which can tell a lot about a person, the history of the state, and the cultural and historical traditions of the people.
VI. Bibliographic list of used literature.
1. Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. - M.: Education, 1983.
2. Veselovsky S. B. Onomasticon. Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
3. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. - M.: Nauka, 1978.
4. Selishchev A.M. The origin of Russian surnames, personal names and nicknames. –M.: MSU, 2014.
5.Superanskaya A.V. The name - through centuries and countries. - M.: LKI, 2007.
6.Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper names. - M.: Nauka, 1973.
7. Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of Old Russian proper names. - St. Petersburg: 1998.
8.Filin F.P. Encyclopedia. Russian language. –M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1988.
9. Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames. - M.: Education, 2001.
10. Shmeleva T.V. Onomastics. Tutorial. - Slavyansk-on-Kuban: - Information Center of the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "KubGU" in Slavyansk-on-Kuban, 2013.
11. http://philological.ru - Russian grammar 1980. – M.: Nauka, 1980.
VII. Appendix to the project work “History of the emergence of Russian names.”
Table No. 1
Prevalence of the most common names from the 18th to the 20th century
(for every thousand named)
Names
17th century
18 century
19th century
20th century
until 1917
20s
60s
Male names
Basil
Ivan
111
100
111
246
Michael
Paul
Peter
Stepan
Yakov
Female names
Anna
no information
Evdokia
no information
Elena
no information
120
Natalia
no information
108
Olga
no information
Praskovya
no information
Tatiana
no information
20
36
16
116
Table No. 2
Prevalence of the most common names in the 21st century
(for every thousand named)
most popular male names in 2014
Table No. 3
Prevalence of the most common names in ninth grades
MOU-Gymnasium No. 2 (2014-2015 academic year)
Where do Russian names come from?
Let's talk about common Russian names. What do they mean? Where do they come from? Most modern Russian names were borrowed in the 10th century AD from Byzantium along with the Christian religion. These names were legalized, recorded in special books - “saints” and declared “real”, “correct”. After the introduction of Christianity in Rus', it was allowed to give names only through the church (at baptism). The "saints" also included some names of common Slavic origin, which arose long before the baptism of Rus', in an era when the Slavic community did not break up into tribal groups, from which individual Slavic peoples were subsequently formed. These common Slavic names(Vladimir, Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod...) and some Scandinavian names(Igor, Oleg...) were usually not given to ordinary people and were considered “princely” names. Only at the end of the last century these names were revived by the Russian intelligentsia. Their use expanded significantly after the revolution. At the same time, such ancient common Slavic names as Stanislav, Mstislav, Bronislav, adopted by other Slavic peoples, came into life.
The names Faith, Hope, and Love occupy a special place in their origin. The Greeks did not have such names. However, in Greek legends there were symbolic figures of Faith (Pistis), Hope (Elpis) and Love (Agape), but they were not given to people as names. Obviously, when compiling the Russian church nomenclature, the names of these symbolic figures served as the basis for creating the names Faith, Hope, Love from the verbal material of the Russian language. This type of borrowing, when a word in another language is created based on the model of one language from its linguistic material, is called tracing paper in linguistics, and the very process of such borrowing is calque.
Where did they come from? Byzantine names, which formed the basis of the Russian “saints”? The Byzantine Greeks collected the best, of course, from their point of view, names of all those peoples with whom they maintained trade and cultural relations. Along with names of ancient Greek origin, they used ancient Roman and Hebrew ones. As separate inclusions in the list of Byzantine names there are ancient Persian, ancient Egyptian, Chaldean, Syrian, Babylonian...
If we begin to consider canonical names according to the meaning of the words from which they originate, we will immediately notice our own characteristics in them.
For example, almost all names of ancient Greek origin emphasize good moral and physical qualities in people. Here are the meanings of some of them: Andrey - courageous; Nikifor - victorious; Tikhon – happy; Agata – beautiful; Sofia is wise.
Our new book "The Energy of the Name"
Oleg and Valentina Svetovid
Our email address: [email protected]
Where do Russian names come from?
Attention!
Sites and blogs have appeared on the Internet that are not our official sites, but use our name. Be careful. Fraudsters use our name, our email addresses for their mailings, information from our books and our websites. Using our name, they lure people to various magic forums and deceive (they give advice and recommendations that can harm, or lure money for performing magic rituals, making amulets and teaching magic).
On our websites we do not provide links to magic forums or websites of magic healers. We do not participate in any forums. We do not give consultations over the phone, we do not have time for this.
Note! We do not engage in healing or magic, we do not make or sell talismans and amulets. We do not engage in magical and healing practices at all, we have not offered and do not offer such services.
The only direction of our work is correspondence consultations in written form, training through an esoteric club and writing books.
Sometimes people write to us that they saw information on some websites that we allegedly deceived someone - they took money for healing sessions or making amulets. We officially declare that this is slander and not true. In our entire life, we have never deceived anyone. On the pages of our website, in the club materials, we always write that you need to be an honest, decent person. For us, an honest name is not an empty phrase.
People who write slander about us are guided by the basest motives - envy, greed, they have black souls. The times have come when slander pays well. Now many people are ready to sell their homeland for three kopecks, and it is even easier to slander decent people. People who write slander do not understand that they are seriously worsening their karma, worsening their fate and the fate of their loved ones. It is pointless to talk with such people about conscience and faith in God. They do not believe in God, because a believer will never make a deal with his conscience, will never engage in deception, slander, or fraud.
There are a lot of scammers, pseudo-magicians, charlatans, envious people, people without conscience and honor who are hungry for money. The police and other regulatory authorities have not yet been able to cope with the growing influx of "Deception for profit" madness.
Therefore, please be careful!
Sincerely – Oleg and Valentina Svetovid
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Ancient Russian names in paganism.
Do you remember the wonderful spring fairy tale by A.N. Ostrovsky “The Snow Maiden”? Who can remain indifferent to this amazing legend glorifying the beauty of nature, love and youth? The names of the heroes, who fit so harmoniously into the rituals and life of the pagan Slavs, give this romantic story a special charm. Kupava, Malusha, Brusilo, Lel - these names seem to us to be the writer’s invention, and few have any idea what our distant ancestors called each other.
The names that are now considered “native” actually appeared in Russian culture from the ancient Christian world and for the most part do not have Slavic roots. The origin and meaning of male and female Russian names is inextricably linked with the history and beliefs of the ancient Slavs.
Naming ceremony in Rus'.
In the pre-Christian era in Rus', it was customary to give a child two names. The first name served as a “scare away” for evil spirits and ill-wishers. Crooked, Nekras, Zloba - no devil would set his sights on such a kid. Female and male names of Russian origin at that time overlapped with nicknames, and now it is difficult to draw a line between them.
In adolescence, when a person’s character traits became clearer, the ceremony of second naming was performed. The meaning of Russian names for girls and boys were different. Children were called by names taken from plants and animals - Pike, Eagle, Nut, Cow. In large families, names were given in order of birth - Pervak, Chetverunya, Devyatko. The names were dedicated to pagan gods - Lada, Veleslav, Yaroslav. The meaning of many male and female Russian names speaks of distinctive character traits and appearance - Brave, Annoyance, Beautiful, Fool. They have long gone out of use. But many of the two-basic names (Svyatoslav, Ratibor, Lyubomila, Svetozar), which were a princely privilege, can be found today.
The fate of Nadezhda, Vera and Lyubov developed in a special way. The meaning of these Slavic female names is clear to everyone. But few people know that they arose through a direct translation into Russian of the ancient Greek concepts “pistis, elpis and agape” - “faith, hope, love.”
The origin of Russian surnames and names in Orthodoxy.
With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the name given at baptism became the main one. But for many centuries, Old Slavonic names and nicknames were used along with “baptismal” names. The history of the origin of Russian surnames begins with them.
The meaning of Russian surnames is related to the meaning of Slavic names and nicknames. For example, from the names Volk, Menshiy, Palka the surnames Volkov, Menshov and Palkin were formed.
By the end of the 16th century, ancient Slavic names finally disappeared from everyday life. Only those who were included in the church calendar remained. This is how the original Russian names Olga, Oleg, Igor, and Svyatoslav have been preserved and continue to live. Many names were generally banned by the church, so as not to revive pagan traditions and the cult of ancient gods. This has led to the fact that in modern Russia only 5% of names have a Slavic basis.
