Whose name has become a common noun for speech. Surnames that have become household names
Maecenas
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas - Roman statesman.
The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days
A trusting relationship with Octavian Augustus allowed him to express his special opinion on many issues, which might not coincide with the position of the emperor. The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days.
In the reception room of the Maecenas. Painting by Stepan Bakalovich
He paid a lot of attention to supporting talents, scientists, artists, primarily poets. He helped Virgil return the taken away estate, and gave Horace his own. The death of Maecenas became a real tragedy for the Romans.
The patron introduces the liberal arts to Emperor Augustus. Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Lovelace
Sir Robert Lovelace (Lovelace) is a treacherous seducer from the Enlightenment novel Clarissa by Samuel Richardson. The main character is a 16-year-old aristocrat who wants to marry her to a hated but rich groom. 
Sir Robert Lovelace - the treacherous seducer from the novel "Clarissa" by Samuel Richardson
Lovelace kidnaps Clarissa, settles with her in a brothel, where women of easy virtue, hired by him, portray his noble relatives. The girl does not reciprocate his advances, then Lovelace takes possession of her by giving her sleeping pills. Clarissa refuses to marry him and dies. Lovelace will die in a duel.
Boycott
The name for this form of protest was given by a retired British Army officer.
Charles Cunningham Boycott
Charles Cunningham Boycott was a steward of lands in Ireland that belonged to an English lord. A series of crop failures led to widespread famine and even displacement from the region. The trade union organization demanded a reform that would allow free acquisition of plots and the establishment of fair rents. Boycott began to reduce the number of workers. Then the Land League of Ireland made it so that the manager could no longer hire new workers.
Captain Boycott harvests with his family
In addition, Boycott and his family began to be subjected to bullying and persecution. The neighbors ignored them, the postmen did not return letters and parcels, and the shops refused to serve him. At the end of 1880, Boycott had to leave Ireland, and then he left the country altogether.
Hooligan
A man named Hooligan lived in the outskirts of London at the end of the 19th century. Police reports describe him as a rowdy and thief.
There is a version that not only Patrick Hooligan had a bad character, but his entire family. They supposedly owned an inn. The Hooligans robbed and killed their guests. According to other sources, the same family owned a private school, whose students were brutally dealt with.
Jockey
The word "jockey" is nothing more than a diminutive form of the name Jock, common among the Scots. Either many Scots in England became grooms or riders, or for some other reason, but it is a jockey in English that a groom, a coachman, and a professional athlete-rider are called. Already in the first half of the 19th century, this word was widespread in Russia; it is believed that it came to us through the French
James Whatman
The English manufacturer James Whatman lived in the 18th century; Whatman's factory produced paper. In 1773, James proposed the use of a new form for the production of paper sheets - one that made it possible to obtain white, dense sheets without traces of grid. This paper, which was highly resistant to abrasion, immediately began to be actively used by artists and draftsmen. They are still used today, and have been called “Whatman” for more than two hundred years in honor of the inventor. In the Russian language - relatively recently, from the second half of the 20th century. and first the expression “Whatman paper” appeared, and from it whatman paper itself came to be.
James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
A warm knitted sweater without a collar, with buttons and with patch pockets, which is known as a cardigan, appeared thanks to the English General Earl Cardigan. The invention appeared during the Crimean War, in which Cardigan participated - his soldiers really liked the idea of their commander to wear such a warm jacket under their uniform. The nights in Crimea were cold, and the cardigan helped the soldiers not to freeze. In English, the emphasis is on the first syllable, just like in the similar word “hooligan.” But when “imported” into the Russian language, the emphasis was on the latter, as in familiar words such as ram, boar, ram, dope.
Fitzroy Raglan
The raglan sleeve style was invented exclusively thanks to the English Field Marshal Fitzroy Raglan. During the famous Battle of Waterloo (Raglan was then not a field marshal, but the secretary of the commander-in-chief of the English troops, the Duke of Wellington), Lord Raglan was seriously wounded in the arm. The hand subsequently had to be amputated. For fencing or shooting, Raglan had enough of one hand, and so that the absence of the second would not be conspicuous (Raglan did not want to look disabled in the eyes of others), he ordered a tailor to sew a special overcoat - with a free armhole, a one-piece sleeve and a cape. This style unexpectedly came into fashion and came to Russia at the same time as fashion.
John Denton Pinkston French
“French”, a military jacket at the waist with four patch pockets and a tab, got its name in honor of the British Field Marshal John Denton Pinkston French, a participant in the Anglo-Boer and First World Wars, who loved this style. It took root with the commissars of the Red Army and was worn by command and control personnel in 1924-1943. The Russians, as always, chose a diminutive and began to call French - frenchik, and even horseradish.
The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days
A trusting relationship with Octavian Augustus allowed him to express his special opinion on many issues, which might not coincide with the position of the emperor. The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days.
In the reception room of the Maecenas. Painting by Stepan Bakalovich
He paid a lot of attention to supporting talents, scientists, artists, primarily poets. He helped Virgil return the taken away estate, and gave Horace his own. The death of Maecenas became a real tragedy for the Romans.
The patron introduces the liberal arts to Emperor Augustus. Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Lovelace
Sir Robert Lovelace (Lovelace) is a treacherous seducer from the Enlightenment novel Clarissa by Samuel Richardson. The main character is a 16-year-old aristocrat who wants to marry her to a hated but rich groom.
Sir Robert Lovelace - the treacherous seducer from the novel "Clarissa" by Samuel Richardson
Lovelace kidnaps Clarissa, settles with her in a brothel, where women of easy virtue, hired by him, portray his noble relatives. The girl does not reciprocate his advances, then Lovelace takes possession of her by giving her sleeping pills. Clarissa refuses to marry him and dies. Lovelace will die in a duel.
Boycott
The name for this form of protest was given by a retired British Army officer.
Charles Cunningham Boycott
Charles Cunningham Boycott was a steward of lands in Ireland that belonged to an English lord. A series of crop failures led to widespread famine and even displacement from the region. The trade union organization demanded a reform that would allow free acquisition of plots and the establishment of fair rents. Boycott began to reduce the number of workers. Then the Land League of Ireland made it so that the manager could no longer hire new workers.
Captain Boycott harvests with his family
In addition, Boycott and his family began to be subjected to bullying and persecution. The neighbors ignored them, the postmen did not return letters and parcels, and the shops refused to serve him. At the end of 1880, Boycott had to leave Ireland, and then he left the country altogether.
Shrew
In Greek myths, Megaera is one of the goddesses of vengeance. Translated, her name means “hostile.” Together with two sisters - the Erinyes (for the Romans - the Furies) she was born from the blood of castrated Uranus.
Erinyes tormenting Orestes. Painting by William Bouguereau
Lives in the underground kingdom, where he punishes people for crimes, especially murder and adultery.
Hooligan
A man named Hooligan lived in the outskirts of London at the end of the 19th century. Police reports describe him as a rowdy and thief.
There is a version that not only Patrick Hooligan had a bad character, but his entire family. They supposedly owned an inn. The Hooligans robbed and killed their guests. According to other sources, the same family owned a private school, whose students were brutally dealt with.
There are people who leave their mark on history with the help of great deeds and achievements, there are those who write great books or create brilliant suites. And there are people whose own names become household names. It seems to me that this is the highest degree of recognition and influence for future generations.
Charles Boycott worked as a manager for Lord Erne, an Irish landowner. In 1880, as part of the fight for fair rents, the right to remain on the land and the right to buy land freely, the Land League of Ireland withdrew the local labor needed to harvest crops on Lord Erne's estate. When Boycott began to fight against this strike, the League began a campaign to isolate Boycott from local society. Neighbors stopped talking to him, stores refused to serve him, and at church people wouldn't sit next to him or talk to him. Boycott left Ireland on 1 December that year. And his name entered most languages of the world, becoming synonymous with peaceful resistance and political protest.
Source: img.joinfo.ua
Famous German Formula 1 racer. Seven-time world champion, two-time world vice-champion and three-time bronze medalist. Thanks to his numerous victories, the surname Schumacher has become a household name, as they say about people who love speed and driving fast.
Source: nashaplaneta.su
King of the Jews who reigned for about 35 years. He was described as "a madman who killed his family and many rabbis", "the evil genius of the Jewish nation", "willing to commit any crime to please his unlimited ambitions", and "the greatest builder in Jewish history." Today Herod is a name given to a cruel man, a torturer.
Source: 2queens.ru
German-Austrian writer, Rusyn by origin, son of the Galician police president. From childhood, Leopold grew up as a weak and fragile child; at an early age he witnessed the atrocities that accompanied the revolutions in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (first 1846, then 1848). Another test that traumatized the young man’s psyche was his first love for Anna Kotwitz, who was much older than him. Their sexual relationship was sadomasochistic in nature. Being a historian by training, he left university work early and quickly became one of the most popular writers in Austria, and also edited a number of magazines. In 1886, psychiatrist and neurologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing unveiled a new concept in psychiatry and sexopathology associated with the work of Leopold Sacher-Masoch - masochism.
Source: upload.wikimedia.org
Prominent statesman of Ancient Rome. During the civil war, Maecenas sided with Augustus and often carried out his important assignments. At the end of the war, he lived in Rome and, in the absence of Octavian Augustus, was in charge of state affairs, without holding any official position. Being the most influential and trusted friend and assistant of Augustus, he took part in all the actions of the emperor to organize the state and consolidate power. Ambition, envy, ill will were completely alien to him. He used his closeness to Augustus only to restrain passionate impulses, which often drove the emperor to cruelty. The best poets of that time found in Maecenas an attentive and caring patron and protector; his services to them are at the same time his services to Roman (Latin) poetry. An admirer of the foundations of Epicurean philosophy, Maecenas indulged in pleasures to an extent that even the Romans of that time seemed excessive. He died, warmly mourned by friends and all the people. He bequeathed all his property to Augustus.
Source: inspired.daikynguyenvn.com
Theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, public figure and humanist. Einstein is the author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics, as well as about 150 books and articles in the field of history and philosophy of science, journalism, etc. He developed several significant physical theories, predicted gravitational waves and “quantum teleportation,” predicted and measured the Einstein gyromagnetic effect - de Haas. For many, the name Einstein has become synonymous with high mind and intelligence.
Source: www.taziosecchiaroli.it
Famous Italian photographer and reporter. Born in 1925 on one of the Roman outskirts. In 1944 he became a photographer, photographing American soldiers and tourists on the streets of Rome. In 1951, he was accepted into the Vedo agency, which belonged to Adolfo Pastorel, one of the fathers of Italian photojournalism, from whom he learned all the secrets of the photographer's craft. In 1955, together with Sergio Spinelli, he founded the Roma Press Photo agency. Soon, the famous Italian director Federico Fellini shot the film “La Dolce Vita”, one of the heroes of which was the photographer Paparazzo. The prototype of this hero was Tazio Secchiaroli. Since then, the word paparazzi has been used to describe all annoying photographers.
Source: a.d-cd.net
French writer (marquis is part of his literary pseudonym). His characteristic combination of cruelty and debauchery was called sadism. In 1768 he was tried and imprisoned for violence against a woman, but by order of King Louis XV the prosecution was stopped. In 1772 he was sentenced to death by parliament “for sodomy and poisoning.” He escaped, was arrested, escaped again and was captured again; the death sentence was commuted to imprisonment. In 1784 he was transferred to the Bastille, where he began writing his pornographic novels and dramas. Having discovered signs of insanity, he was transferred to Charenton, but in 1790 he received his freedom. In 1791, the most famous of his novels appeared, Justine ou Les malheurs de la vertu (“Justine, or the Misadventures of Virtue”), which was published in a second edition in 1797, with even more disgusting episodes; its continuation was the novel Juliette (“Juliette”) (1798). In 1801, the publication of these novels was confiscated, and de Sade was imprisoned. He died mentally ill.
Source: pbs.twimg.com
Comptroller General of Finance in France under Louis XV. Born in Limoges. Traveling around Europe, he lived in London, where he studied practical economics and the financial system of Great Britain. Upon returning to Paris, he translated several English scientific works on economics, which made him famous. In March 1759 he was appointed Comptroller General of France. He tried to reform the tax system and reduce the exorbitant expenses of the royal court. The harsh austerity measures introduced by de Silhouette aroused sharp criticism from court circles. In November 1759, Silhouette was forced to leave his post. The word “silhouette” in the meaning of the outline of an object came into use after a caricature was drawn of E. de Silhouette in the form of a shadow profile.
There are words that we often use, but at the same time we do not remember at all that they were once also someone’s names. We remembered the most unexpected of them, which are actually surnames.
Hooligan is the name of an Irish family with a very violent temperament. The main one was young Partick the Hooligan, whose name kept popping up in police reports and newspaper chronicles.
Chauvinism comes from the name of the Napoleonic soldier Nicolas Chauvin, who served Napoleon and France especially zealously and had a habit of expressing his patriotism and the exclusivity of his country in pathetic, popular speeches. What is noteworthy is that the surname comes from the word “bald” (calvinus).
Saxophone. Adolphe Sax presented his invention as the “mouthpiece ophicleide.” This instrument was called a saxophone by the inventor's friend, composer Hector Berlioz, in an article dedicated to the invention, and the word immediately became popular.
Sandwich. John Montagu IV Earl of Sandwich was preparing James Cook's round-the-world expedition, and since he had no time to be distracted by food, he came up with a simple and convenient sandwich.
Boyk from. Briton Charles Boycott worked as a manager for a landowner in Ireland. One day the workers went on strike and began to ignore the Englishman. And thanks to the British press, which covered these events, the surname Boycott became a household name.
Jacuzzi. The Italian Candido Jacuzzi invented the Jacuzzi (jacuzzi is an incorrect “American” pronunciation of this Italian surname, which, however, is firmly rooted in many languages of the world).
Olivie. Chef Lucien Olivier is known as the creator of the recipe for the famous salad, which remained a secret that Olivier never divulged until his death.
Beef Stroganoff. The French chef Count Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov invented this dish. In French, it sounds like bœuf Stroganoff, that is, “beef Stroganoff style.”
Quirk. The German doctor Christian Ivanovich Loder opened an Artificial Mineral Water Establishment, where he advised patients to walk briskly for three hours. Ordinary people, looking at this fuss, came up with the expression “chasing a quitter.”
Charlatan. The word charlatan, according to legend, comes from the name of the French doctor Charles Latain. He carried out meaningless operations, promising a complete recovery, and, having received the money, went into hiding. And the unfortunate patients only got worse.
Nonsense. French physician Galli Mathieu believed in the healing power of laughter. He treated patients with laughter, making them laugh with jokes and various nonsense.
Libel. In Rome there lived a sharp-tongued citizen named Pasquino. The people loved him very much. One day, not far from Pasquino’s house, a statue was erected, which was popularly named in his honor. The Romans began to cover the statue at night with leaflets in which they spoke sarcastically about their rulers.
Bluetooth (blue tooth - literally “blue tooth”). The developers named this technology in honor of the Viking king Harald I Bluetooth (Harald Blåtand), who united Denmark and Norway.
July and August. July is named after Julius Caesar. Augustus - in honor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus.
Maecenas. The first philanthropist known to history was called Guy Tsilniy Maecenas.
Silhouette. Etienne de Silhouette was the controller of finance in France, but after a failed attempt at reform he was forced to leave his post. Then he invented a new method of entertainment - tracing a person’s shadow on the wall. His guests liked this idea so much that the Silhouette’s fame spread throughout Europe.
Attic. The architect Francois Mansart was the first to use the under-roof attic space for residential and commercial purposes. Since then, the attic floor under a steep pitched roof has been called an attic.
Cardigan. General James Thomas Brudnell, seventh Chief of the County of Cardigan, invented this piece of clothing.
Very interesting origin stories have words associated with real historical figures, for example, scientists, writers, or entrepreneurs who did not leave the public of their time indifferent. It is for this reason that their names have become household names. Words-eponyms, and that’s what they are called in etymology, are found often, we just don’t know or don’t think about their existence.
Boycott- British manager in Ireland Charles Boycott (1832–1897). The Irish refused to cultivate his land and began a campaign to isolate Boycott from local society.
Cardigan- this piece of clothing was named in honor of General James Thomas Brudnell, the seventh head of the county of Cardigan. It is he who is credited with the invention of this item of clothing, intended to insulate a uniform.
Chauvinism- Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier who expressed his love for France and Napoleon Bonaparte in particular in his speeches. Extremely pretentious.
Whatman- This is high quality white thick paper. It got its name from the English paper manufacturer James Whatman, who in the mid-1750s introduced a new paper form that made it possible to produce sheets of paper without traces of the grid.
Breeches- the name of this cut of trousers is given by the name of the French general Gaston Galifet (1830–1909), who introduced them for cavalrymen. Then breeches were borrowed by other armies, and even later they entered the daily wardrobe of men and women.
Guppy- Robert John Lemcher Guppy, an English priest and scientist, gave a report to members of the Royal Society in 1886, in which he spoke about fish that do not spawn, but give birth to live young. And, by the way, he was laughed at.
Sweatshirt- this popular type of clothing is named after the great Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy, although the writer himself wore a shirt of a different cut.
Guillotine- French doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, although he did not invent this means of execution, in 1789 he first proposed cutting off heads using this mechanism. This was considered “more humane.”
Tapestry- the word originated in France in the 17th century, after the royal Gobelin manufactory opened. Their products were very popular, and in some countries everything made using the tapestry weaving technique was called a tapestry.
Olivie- everyone’s favorite salad got its name in honor of its creator, chef Lucien Olivier, who ran the Hermitage restaurant of Parisian cuisine in Moscow in the early 60s of the 19th century. True, the original recipe is completely different from the modern, familiar version.
Olivier took:
meat of two boiled hazel grouse,
one boiled veal tongue,
added about 100 grams of black pressed caviar,
200 grams of fresh salad,
25 boiled crayfish or 1 can of lobster,
half a jar of very small pickled cucumbers (pickles),
half a jar of Kabul soybeans is a kind of soybean paste sauce produced at that time (similar to the “Yuzhny” and “Moskovsky” sauces later produced in the USSR, which also contained soy hydrolysate),
two chopped fresh cucumbers,
100 grams of capers (a prickly vegetable whose flower buds are pickled),
finely chopped five hard-boiled eggs.
This delicacy was seasoned with Provençal sauce, which was to be prepared with “French vinegar, two fresh egg yolks and a pound (400 grams) of Provençal olive oil.”
Begonia- named after the French nobleman Michel Begon (1638-1710). He was the intendant of the French colonies in the Caribbean and organized a scientific expedition to the Antilles to collect plants.
Masochism- Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836–1895) described in his novels “The Divorced Woman” and “Venus in Fur” how despotic women mocked weak men. That’s where the term came from.
Maecenas- the name comes from the name of the Roman Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, who patronized the arts under Emperor Augustus.
Lovelace- Sir Robert Lovelace is a character in Samuel Richardson's novel Clarissa, written in 1748. According to the plot of this work, a handsome aristocrat insidiously seduces the 16-year-old main character.
Saxophone- the instrument is named after the Belgian inventor of musical instruments, Adolphe Sax (1814–1894).
Sandwich- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), an English minister and avid gambler, is said to have invented this sandwich while playing cribbage. The game had already lasted for several hours, and the minister could not be distracted to eat. John Montague asked to be served meat sandwiched between two slices of bread. His fellow players really liked this way of eating, because he didn’t have to take time off from the game, and they also ordered sandwich bread.
Silhouette- Etienne de Silhouette (1709–1767) was the Comptroller General of Finance in France under Louis XV and imposed taxes on the outward signs of wealth (doors and windows, farms, luxury goods, servants, profits). In retaliation, his name was associated with the so-called “cheap painting” ", when instead of an expensive portrait you can simply outline a person’s shadow - cheaper and faster.
Mausoleum- this type of burial structure is named after the magnificent tomb of the Carian king Mausolus in the city of Halicarnassus in the territory of modern Turkey.
