Folk art definition. Folk art of Russia: types, genres, examples

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17 of the most beautiful types of folk art in Russia.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Foreign tourists take with them painted objects, toys and textile products in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy

The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. There cannot be two identical toys.

Zhostovo painting

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the Moscow villages of the former Trinity volost (now Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style has begun to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents of foreign countries.

The intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the recipient with the kindest and longest memory of the donor.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting has existed since the mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, and floral patterns. The painting is done in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline; it decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Filigree

Filigree is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing. Elements of a filigree pattern can be very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, satin stitch. The weaves are made from very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite

Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with that from the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable on the world market.

Gusev crystal

Products made at the Gus-Khrustalny crystal factory can be found in museums all over the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, and handmade figurines reflect the beauty of our native nature, its customs and primordially Russian values. Products made from colored crystal are especially popular.

Matryoshka

A chubby and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, a keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which play scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with attractions are finely drawn. The nesting doll has become a precious collectible that can cost hundreds of dollars.

Enamel

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which quickly “entered” modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral patterns, birds, and animals on white enamel using a variety of paints. Then the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, and monochromatic enamel began to supplant it: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar

In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Factory, loved to make something out of copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars, with dolphin-shaped taps, with loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is done on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of boxes of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

The Gzhel bush, an area of ​​27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clay, which has been mined here since the mid-17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce semi-faience, earthenware and porcelain. Of particular interest are still items painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic detailing.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with printed patterns, which were very popular at that time.

Folk decorative art in our country is an organic part of folk culture. Poetic images and emotions inherent in him are dear and understandable to all people. It instills a sense of beauty and helps to form a harmoniously developed personality. Being based on long-standing artistic traditions, decorative art has a positive effect on the education of the person of the future. The works that are created by masters from the people are a reflection of love for their native land, the ability to see and understand the beauty of the world around them.

Main types of decorative arts

For many centuries, home production in peasant families, and starting from the 18th-19th centuries, handicrafts, supplied cities and villages with a variety of utensils made of clay, wood and metal, printed fabrics, ceramic and wooden toys, carpets, etc. Famous for its brightness, and cheerfulness in wood, Dymkovo clay figurines and whistles, Lukutinsky painted lacquer boxes. Each of these items is a work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - Khokhloma painting - is of great interest in Russia and abroad.

There were original crafts in the Far East, the Russian North, Siberia, and the Caucasus. Metal processing in Dagestan Kubachi, ceramic painting in Balkhar, and wood carving with silver Untsukul became famous. Folk decorative art, the types of which are very diverse, is presented in different parts of our vast country.

Vologda lace - folk decorative art

Vologda lace gained popularity in European capitals at the end of the 18th century. And in our time, many foreigners mistakenly believe that lace in Russia is woven only in Vologda. In fact, Yelets, Kirishi, Vyatka also have reason to be proud of their products. Almost all of them have their own unique characteristics. So, Mikhailovsky colored lace is very interesting. In our country, they have become no less popular than those from Vologda. Nevertheless, just like hundreds of years ago, people go to Vologda for the snow-white miracle.

Openwork carving

Openwork carving decorates small bone objects: boxes, caskets, pendants, brooches. A work of folk decorative art - bone lace - this is the poetic name for openwork carving.

The most widespread are three types of ornaments in bone cutting:

• Geometric - a plexus of straight and curved lines.
• Vegetable.
• Rocaille - stylization of the shape of a sea shell.

The technique of openwork carving is used to create compositions based on ornaments and plots. The raw material is ordinary cow bone.

Fine work on openwork carving requires special tools: needle files, gravers, rivets, jigsaws.

Beading

Beadwork can be proud of its centuries-old history, just like the beads themselves. The inhabitants of Ancient Egypt were the first to master the complex skill of weaving necklaces based on small colored glass balls, and also decorated clothes with them. However, bead production truly flourished in the 10th century. For many years, the residents of Venice carefully kept the secrets of their craftsmanship. Luxurious beads were used to decorate wallets and handbags, shoes, clothes and other elegant items.

When beads appeared in America, they replaced traditional materials used by indigenous people. Here they used it to decorate cradles, baskets, earrings, and snuff boxes.

The peoples of the Far North decorated high fur boots, fur coats, reindeer harnesses, and hats with beaded embroidery.

Batik

Batik - do-it-yourself fabric painting using fixing compounds. The technique is based on the observation that rubber glue and paraffin, when applied to fabric, do not allow paint to pass through.

There are several varieties of batik - knotted, hot, shibori, cold.

The name "batik" is Indonesian, which means "to draw", "hatch", "to cover with drops".

This painting has been used since ancient times by the peoples of India and Indonesia. Batik came to Europe in the 20th century.

painting

Painting is one of the most ancient types of decorative art. For centuries it has been an organic part of the original culture and life of the people. This type of decorative art is widespread.

Here are some types of painting:

• Zhostovo painting is a famous Russian craft that appeared in the 19th century in the village of Zhostovo, not far from Moscow. It belongs to the most popular crafts where Russian folk painting is created. The famous Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Most often, bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
• Gorodets painting is a craft that appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the city of Gorodets. The painting is bright and laconic. Her themes include horse figurines, genre scenes, and floral patterns. She decorated doors, shutters, furniture, spinning wheels.
• Khokhloma painting is one of the oldest folk crafts. It originated in the 17th century in Khokhloma, near Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma painting is a decorative painting of wooden objects, done on a golden background in black, red, and less often green. After applying the design, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three times in an oven, which allows you to achieve a unique honey-golden color. Traditional for Khokhloma are rowan berries and red strawberries, branches and flowers. Animals, fish and birds often appear in the compositions, turning the work into a genuine work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - this is what Khokhloma painting is often called.

Let's get acquainted with various folk crafts used in kindergarten for the development of children.

Dymkovo toy

The products of Kirov craftsmen amaze with their bright patterns, non-standard proportions and shapes. Everyone is delighted by the elegant, wonderfully decorated and painted dandy ladies, ponies, roosters, and goats. The first Dymkovo toys appeared in 1811. At the Vyatka holiday, clay dolls with paintings were sold. Clay toys were made by craftsmen from the village of Dymkovo. They did this with their families.

Now the factory producing Dymkovo toys operates in Kirov.

Filimonovskaya toy

No less famous is the center of folk crafts in the village of Filimonovo near Tula, where wonderful clay toys are born. People and animals made by masters are distinguished by their whimsical shape and great expressiveness. These are peasant women, ladies, soldiers, cows, horse riders, and sheep. Filimonov toys cannot be confused with others, since they bear their own unique features in the form of modeling and painting. They play with all the colors of the rainbow.

A child who sees a Filimonov toy with a non-standard color and shape awakens his creativity.

Kargopol toy

Kargopol is an ancient city, whose inhabitants have long been engaged in pottery. Mostly they made dishes, but some craftsmen made clay toys. True, in 1930 the fishery fell into decline. The restoration of the Kargopol workshops took place in 1967.

Kargopol toys look stricter against the backdrop of the bright Dymkovo and Filimonov ones. The color range consists of brown, black and dark green. There are many funny images here, simple, but at the same time breathing warmth and humor. These are peasant women, bearded men, dolls with spinning wheels.

Gzhel dishes

Not far from Moscow is the village of Gzhel. Since the 14th century, pottery has been practiced here. Among the dishes that kvass workers produced were plates and toys, which were painted with brown and yellowish-green ceramic paints. Now porcelain products produced in Gzhel have worldwide fame. The reason for this is the uniqueness of the shape and pattern. Gzhel porcelain is distinguished by blue painting done on a white background. True, the blue is not uniform. If you look closely, you can find the finest shades and halftones, evoking thoughts of the blue of the sky, river and lake water. In addition to dishes, toys and small sculptures are produced in Gzhel. Everything that the masters do amazes with the harmony of content and form. This is a real work of folk decorative art. Everyone dreams of purchasing Gzhel.

Decorative arts in kindergarten

The art of folk craftsmen is a treasure not only for adults. It is also important for children, who can enthusiastically play with both wooden dolls and clay toys made by Kirov craftsmen. The art of the people awakens children's interest due to the originality of ideas, imagery and colorfulness. It is understandable to children, since its content is simple and concise, but at the same time it opens up to the child the beauty of the world around him. Here are the beloved fairy-tale images of animals, which are made of clay or wood, and ornaments with flowers, berries and leaves, seen more than once in life. Craftsmen who make clay toys often decorate their works with patterns of geometric shapes: stripes, rings, circles. These drawings also resonate with children. All clay and wooden products in kindergartens are not only interior decoration. Guided by an experienced teacher, the children pay close attention to them, drawing and modeling them based on samples of folk products.

Folk decorative art in kindergarten enters the lives of children, bringing them joy, expanding their horizons, and having a positive impact on artistic taste. Preschool educational institutions should have a sufficient number of handicrafts. This allows you to decorate the interiors of groups, updating them after a while. Art products are shown to children during conversations about folk craftsmen. All such items should be stored in the cabinets of the pedagogy office. They must be constantly replenished and distributed among the fisheries. Younger children need to buy fun toys, turned wooden toys. For children in the middle group, the Filimonov and Kargopol ones are better suited. Older children have access to all types of folk toys, including clay and wooden ones.

Decorative modeling in a kindergarten involves children creating dishes and various figurines on the theme of folk toys. In addition, children can make small-sized jewelry for dolls, souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers and sisters for the March 8 holiday.

Under the influence of activities with objects of folk crafts, children are more deeply and interested in illustrations on Russian themes; toys, with the richness of their themes, spur the child’s imagination during modeling classes, making his knowledge richer about the world that surrounds him. Activities using folk art objects as illustrations provide an opportunity to develop the minds of children.

However, a positive effect from this is achieved only if children are systematically and systematically introduced to objects of decorative and applied art. Based on the knowledge gained, they create decorative works with their own hands. They are invited to reproduce a work of folk decorative art (any). A photo, if the work itself is not available, will help the child imagine what he will draw or sculpt.

The desire of children to create beautiful objects is largely determined by the attention of the teacher himself to these issues. He must have information about folk crafts and be aware of the history of their appearance. If the teacher knows which folk craft this or that toy can be attributed to, and knows how to talk interestingly about the craftsmen who make these toys, the children will be interested, and they will have a desire to engage in creativity.

Fine arts in junior classes

Folk decorative art in the project activities of junior schoolchildren allows children to return to the origins of folk culture and spiritual heritage. In the modern world, studying the riches of national culture is the most important task of moral education of children, turning them into patriots of their country. The soul of the nation is embodied in folk crafts and the historical memory of generations is awakened. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged personality, develop its moral potential, and the aesthetic taste of children if conversations about creativity are reduced to abstract reasoning. After all, the works of craftsmen are an illustration of the best qualities of the people’s character: this is the awakening of respect for one’s own history and traditions, love for the homeland in general and for the place of birth in particular, modesty, the desire for beauty, a sense of harmony.

How to organize the educational process so that love for the homeland is not just a nice phrase, but actually corresponds to the inner essence of the younger generation? What can be done if there are no performances that vividly and imaginatively reveal the theme of patriotism? This issue certainly requires an integrated approach. must be addressed systematically.

In order for the child to understand what we are talking about, it is suggested that during the lesson we consider a piece of folk decorative art (any). An example of such a work will help to understand the issue.

The modern era requires turning to the very origins of art. Preservation, enhancement of folk art, development of its traditions - such difficult tasks face teachers, educators, and artists.

Visual arts in high school

As children grow older, they begin to understand more and more what a work of folk decorative art is. Grade 6 also systematically studies this issue.

The work program for studying fine arts in grade 6 provides for three main types of creative activity:

1. Fine work (painting, drawing).
2. Decorative creativity (ornaments, paintings, appliqués).
3. Observing the world around you (conversation).

These varieties allow children to get acquainted with the areas of artistic creativity. Already during the acquaintance, it becomes clear how closely interconnected these areas are and how noticeably they complement each other in the process of solving the problems set by the program. It is necessary to subject each work of folk decorative art to a detailed analysis. 6th grade is the time to develop artistic taste.

Fine arts are taught at school in close connection with other subjects. It uses knowledge gained from studying literature, music, Russian language, history, technology, and biology. This makes it possible to understand the practical meaning of fine arts lessons and their vital necessity. The literature course also studies a topic such as “Works of folk decorative art.” An essay (6th grade) allows the student to demonstrate knowledge of the subject. Children evaluate the products of folk craftsmen in it. They must draw up a work plan and describe a piece of folk decorative art (any). 5-6 sentences for each point of the plan will be enough.

Folk decorative art and Russia

Both Tatarstan and other regions of Russia were touched by folk art. Tatar decorative art is bright and multifaceted. It has its roots in the ancient times of paganism - the 7th-8th centuries. In the Kazan Khanate and Volga Bulgaria, the development of art followed Islamic traditions. The leading direction was various. This type of pattern widely manifests itself in various types of Tatar art. Ornaments adorn embroidery, wood and stone carvings, ceramics, jewelry, and calligraphy. The zoomorphic style became widespread in the products of Bulgarian craftsmen of pagan times.

A special feature of Russian decorative art is its mass nature. In Russia, decorative art is most often anonymous. Gambs furniture and Faberge jewelry are the exception rather than the rule. Unnamed masters created masterpieces of painting, weaving, dishes and toys. Russian artistic production can be proud of the creation of great values ​​in various fields.

The first evidence of the high development of blacksmithing and jewelry production can be found among the Scythians and tribes who lived in territories stretching from the Black Sea to Siberia. Here the advantage was given to the Scythian animal style. The Northern Slavs, who were in contact with the inhabitants of Scandinavia, included fragments of human and animal bodies, which were intricately intertwined, in their ornaments. In the Urals, Finno-Ugric tribes made amulets with images of bears and wolves, made of wood, stone or bronze.

There were many icon painting workshops throughout Russia. In Palekh, Ivanovo region, the finest paintings of folk tales and songs on black varnish have been developed. From Ancient Byzantium the filigree art of embossing, graining, niello, carved openwork on wood and bone came to us. In the 17th century, decorative art developed into developed artistic production. These are Rostov painted enamel, Nizhny Novgorod carvings on huts, blackening on silver in Veliky Ustyug. Palaces and temples were decorated with the works of folk masters of decorative art.

In Peter's times, Western European things came into fashion: upholstered furniture, earthenware. Since the 18th century, mirrors began to be widely used. M.V. Lomonosov mastered the art of producing glass, mirrors and mosaic smalt. Talented architects of the 18th and early 19th centuries developed projects for decorative interior decoration. Some architects of that era began their careers with decorative work, for example Rossi and Voronikhin. The Imperial Court and the highest nobility of Russia supplied numerous orders to private enterprises that managed to reach the heights of excellence. Such enterprises include the Kuznetsovsky faience and porcelain factories and the Popovsky porcelain factory.

The study of folk art and folk crafts shows that the popularization of works of folk art has the best effect on both adults and children. This cultivates aesthetic taste, promotes the emergence of spiritual needs, and evokes a sense of national pride and humanity. After all, amazing colorful objects are created by folk craftsmen, people whom nature has endowed with talent, imagination and kindness.

TECHNOLOGY OF ARTISTIC PROCESSING OF MATERIALS

Course of lectures (40 hours)

LECTURE No. 1

Decorative and applied arts as a form of creativity

Main features of decorative and applied arts

Development of arts and crafts

Folk crafts of Belarus and the local region.

Literature

1. Kaplan N.M., Mitlyanskaya T.B. Folk arts and crafts - M.: Higher school, 1989

2. Katser M.S. Folk applied art of Belarus-Mn.: Higher school, 1972

3. Molchanova L. Material culture of Belarusians.-Mn.: Science and technology, 1968

4. Panshina I. Decorative and applied art - Mn.: Narodnaya asveta, 1975

5. Sahuta E.M., Govor V.A. Artistic crafts and crafts of Belarus.-Mn.: Science and technology, 1988

6. Sahuta E.M. Folk art and crafts of Belarus.-Mn.: Polymya, 2001

Folk art, its main forms and characteristic features

In order to explain why we consider decorative and applied art as one of the forms of creativity, it is necessary to reveal the essence of the concepts with which we will operate further.

Creation- the process and result of creating material and ideal values ​​that have novelty (objective or subjective) and originality, as well as the process and result of self-expression of the creator.

Folk art-the process of creating material and artistic values, the main subject of which is the people

Folk art-creation of cultural material and spiritual values ​​that have artistic significance.

Applied creativity- creation of material assets of utilitarian significance.

Amateur art- the process of creating material and spiritual values, the main driving force of which is the initiative of the creator. A person can engage in this type of art without special education, without necessarily following even the established traditions of the type of activity in which he is engaged. This art form is the source and main branch of folk art. The difference between professional and amateur works lies in the degree of their artistic perfection and the professionalism manifested in them.

Art arose thousands of years before our era. By this time, humanity had gone through a significant development path. Crude tools made of stone, bone, and wood, with the help of which man obtained food for himself, were replaced by more advanced ones. Man has mastered new ways of processing material, his horizons have expanded, and his social and labor activities have become more complex. A number of areas of folk art have survived to this day, others have been lost.

Over the centuries, folk applied art has been improved, acquiring complete forms and styles, reflecting the customs and tastes of the people. It developed mainly in two forms :

As a home craft;

In the form of arts and crafts related to the market.

These forms arose in ancient times, developed in parallel, closely intertwined and mutually influencing each other. Belarusian folk applied art developed mainly in the first form. The only crafts were pottery, printing, and weaving.

Despite the variety of types of folk art, we can highlight main features, which are common to them. These features can be considered the principles of the existence and development of folk art.

Folk art realistic in nature . It creates truthful, deep, life-affirming images. This feature of works of folk art is explained by the participation of the broad masses in their creation, the great life experience accumulated by the people, and their eternal desire for happiness, truth and beauty.

Creativity of the people closely related to his work activity . With the help of an axe, a knife, a needle and other tools, our ancestors built houses, made furniture, processed hides, weaved cloth, and sewed clothes. Every household product is a practically necessary thing, possessing at the same time beauty and aesthetics.

Folk art primary in relation to professional . Works of folk art are not only the fruit of the skills of their creators, but also an integral part of their everyday life. This is the basis for the origin and development of all types of professional art. The appearance of works of professional art is due to the centuries-old creative activity of nameless masters of folk art, who accumulated a wealth of experience and passed it on to professional artists.

Born from nature and the very life of a certain community of people, folk art cannot but be extremely national .

Collective nature folk art is one of its fundamental principles. In the communication and interaction of people within a team, community, society, the most successful artistic solutions, examples of artistic forms, compositions, expressive and visual techniques were identified and selected. The principle of collectivity is the main factor that has a dominant influence on other features of folk art and determines its difference from amateur and professional art.

Another difference between folk art and professional art is is the continuity of traditions . Following established traditions of a certain type of creativity enriched the personal experience of creators and contributed to the success of their work. This is impossible in professional creativity, where the main key to success in an activity is a person’s talent and special education is required to engage in it. Compared to professional art, folk art has more to do with tradition than with the master himself, whose hand is “guided” by centuries-old artistic culture and experience.

Folk art more sustainable , it is less fashionable than professional. It openly and strongly expresses the ideals of beauty hidden in the soul of the people, thanks to which it is direct evidence of their talent and creative power.

Source of artistic images folk art is nature, environment, everyday life situations.

Works of folk applied art play an important educational and social-educational role. They reflect the life of the people, their way of life and work, and evaluate social phenomena. Folk art is evidence of the talent and hard work of the people, their optimism and philanthropy.

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The origins of art go back to ancient times. The problem of the origin of art has worried the best philosophical minds for many centuries, but not too much is known about the artistic activity of mankind in the early stages of development. Numerous works of fine art (cave paintings, sculptures made of stone and bone) appeared much earlier than a person’s conscious idea of ​​artistic creativity was formed. The origin of art dates back to the primitive era, when man first tried to reflect his ideas about the world around him in art, which contributed to the consolidation and transfer of knowledge and skills, and the emergence of another form of communication between people. According to archaeologists, already in the Paleolithic era (Old Stone Age) around 35-10 thousand BC. The main types of fine art (sculpture, painting, graphics) appeared.

It should be noted that in primitive society, human artistic activity was inextricably linked with all existing forms of spiritual and material culture: mythology, religion, and everyday life. Artistic and spiritual culture exists in close unity with material culture, forming a primitive syncretic, i.e. a single cultural complex, which only centuries later will disintegrate into independent spheres of culture: religion, art (in all its diversity of forms), sports, science. Images reproduced by the hand of primitive man are a link in a single chain of artistic, religious and theatrical magic performance, reflecting the synthesis of the material and spiritual culture of man of that distant era. Early drawings are primitive; this is a contour image of animal heads, imprints of a human hand, wavy lines squeezed into damp clay with the fingers of the hand (the so-called “pasta”). Later images of the Paleolithic era are drawings of animals of that time (deer, horses, bison, mammoths) made on the walls and ceilings of caves. The oldest figurines of animals are distinguished by their accurate depiction; life forced the human hunter to study in detail the character of the animal and its habits. This knowledge was of practical value. Man has not yet known himself, therefore sculptural images of man are very schematic and conventional.

The Neolithic (New Stone Age), 6-2 thousand BC, enriched the fine arts with the creation of works of monumental anthropomorphic (humanoid) sculpture (for example, the so-called “stone women” of the Northern Black Sea region).

During the Bronze Age, about 2 thousand years BC. architecture called megalithic (that is, the architecture of large stones: from the Greek roots “meg” - large and “lit” - stone) receives predominant importance. Megalithic structures include: menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs. Their emergence is associated with the development of religious ideas. Stone pillars - menhirs - up to 20 m high (located in Brittany, France; Transcaucasia, Armenia) bear the features of architecture and sculpture R. Yu. Vipper, "History of the Ancient World", M.: "Res-Publica", 1994. - 169s..

Folk art is a complex and multi-layered art. And if today its samples in many countries are made in factories and local industrial complexes as souvenirs, then once upon a time these were the most necessary and necessary things in everyday life - bowls, shirts, benches, tools. People tried to make them the most convenient according to the concepts of their time and in them they expressed their artistic tastes and desire for beauty. For example, what is a conveniently shaped pot for cooking in the oven? The bottom is small but stable. The convex sides seem to follow the shape of flames. The fire covers the pot from all sides, and the food is cooked in it in the best possible way. At the same time, the pot is also adapted to be removed from the oven using a grip. An excellent example of the same ancient folk design There are also Greek ceramic vases. They were of several types, and each had its own functions, its own purpose: the amphora was used to store wine in the ground, the hydria was used to carry water on the shoulder, the lekythus was used to store oil, the kylix was used to drink from it, etc. History of foreign art; ed. Kuzmina M.T., Maltseva N.L., M.: “Fine Arts”, 2002 - 379 pp. They began to apply ornaments, drawings, and colored stripes to these useful, comfortable things. And thus: from objects simply necessary in everyday life, they turned into works of folk art, and at the same time, applied art. To this day we admire the spiritual beauty of painted ceramics, the lovingly decorated bottoms of spinning wheels, woven and embroidered women's dresses, wooden dishes with red and gold painting, the center of production of which was in the 18th-19th centuries. became the village of Khokhloma, Gorky region. All these are works of folk craftsmen, talented original masters Series "Small History of Arts", M.: "Iskusstvo" 2004 - 63 pp..

Folk art was closely connected with everyday life and architecture. The stoves were covered with intricate multi-colored tiles or painted over whitewash. Wooden huts were decorated with carved roof ridges, porches and window frames with beautiful and complex carvings. The chimneys were equipped with elegant chimneys made of milled iron. You can still see such houses in our villages.

Each locality, each nation is characterized by its own traditional patterns, its own ornaments, its own special objects - its own original artistic creativity. Therefore, by looking at household items and architecture, one can determine which people made them and the time when they were created. Looking at small figures of animals carved from bone, drawings on birch bark or rugs made of fur, we can determine that they were made by the peoples of the North. From the drawings on walrus tusks made by Chukchi folk craftsmen, we learn about the life of the Chukchi people. The peoples of the North of the European part of Russia have always been famous for wood carving - decorations on huts, household items and furniture; residents of the Caucasus - patterned carpets made of sheep wool; Kirghiz, Turkmens, Tajiks - white felt felt with blue or red patterns Alekseeva V.V. "What is art?" , M.: "Soviet Artist", 1991 - 221 p..

With the development of technology and the rise in the standard of living of society, industrial applied art began to gradually displace examples of folk applied art from everyday life. Cheap printed calicoes, earthenware and pressed glassware were all available and easily competed with the works of local artisans. However, folk art has already acquired the force of tradition; it is filled with spiritual content. And this content becomes more pronounced the further we move in time from the origins of folk art. For example, for a person who himself did not walk in bast shoes, but whose grandfather or great-grandfather walked in bast shoes, these bast shoes are full of symbols, associations and spiritual content. He admires their complex weave, edge sealing, and ribbon ties woven from birch bark or bast. He hangs the bast shoes on the wall as decoration and a decorative item. And the local industry begins to produce small wicker shoes as souvenirs. This piece of peasant clothing, comfortable, useful and beautiful for its time and its consumer, has now turned into a decorative item, along with glaciers (krinkas), kumans, wooden spoons, and painted spinning wheels. And these are no longer items of peasant everyday life, but things intended to decorate apartments. Literature and art. Universal encyclopedia for schoolchildren. Comp. Vorotnikov A. A., Minsk: "Valev", 1995 - 441 p.

Art is synthetic in nature, initially associated with human labor activity and representing both material and spiritual culture. N. and. goes back to the syncretism of primitive culture, retains at its core a mythical and poetic sense of the world. Develops as a collective creativity based on continuity and tradition; is predominantly epic in nature (Epic), which is determined by the type of creativity itself, the collective method of working on an image based on detail, repetition and variation. The figurative structure of N. preserves the original image, which is included in the synthesis with its variations and new elements into a single artistic image. integrity of production Synthesis is inherent in the very imagery of N. and.. in the principles of shape formation, where the generic essence and function are decisive. Syntheticity is also manifested in the combination in one product. plastic, pictorial, graphic, architectonic principles. Based on synthesis in N. and. an image-type is formed, image systems are determined, ensembles arise, and an aesthetic criterion is formed. Bourgeois science does not study folk art as a special kind of art, that is, in the aspect of its artistic expression. specificity and visual and expressive means. Considered exclusively in the light of the concepts of Freudianism, ethnopsychologism, structuralism, it is defined as “impersonal”, “unconscious” creativity and only as a product of urban culture, supposedly descending into the peasant masses, although it has nourished urban art in all eras. Thus, the Canadian sociologist M. McLuhan sees in folk art a type of “collective dream”. Sometimes folk art is interpreted in the West so broadly that even advertising is included in it. Soviet aesthetics and art history affirm a meaningful approach to the study of art. It is considered as a living phenomenon of art. culture, as a special type of artist. creativity, interacting with another type - individualized creativity. If the specificity of N. and. as an independent phenomenon of culture and it was equated either to the artistic industry or to amateur creativity, now it has received an independent, generic status, which opens up new prospects not only in its study, but also in solving the problems of art. practices. In modern stage N. and. has four forms of existence and development. The first form is N. and., not isolated from its ethnographic environment, associated with the national, social way of life that gave birth to it. This is N. and. remote areas of the USSR, closed due to special geographical conditions. Responding to aesthetic needs, N. and. It also serves the practical needs of the population (mats, pottery, etc.). Represented by this form of N. and. lives as an element of the national consciousness of people. The second form is the creativity of individual masters, based on collective experience, preserving and developing the artist. tradition. Basic its stimulus is the need for creativity itself. Each Soviet republic has its own craftsmen - carvers, potters, weaving and embroidery masters. The third form is artistic. craft (artistic crafts), growing spontaneously on the basis of local cultural tradition, supported by demand from outside. The fourth form is artist. fishing on the basis of workshops with the necessary equipment. Existing in the indicated four forms, N. and. preserves the general creative structure of development, oriented towards canonical systems, towards tradition living in oral-visual transmission. It reflects the cultural and psychological structures associated with ethnic self-awareness and is based on a culture of mastery and collective experience.