Presentation on the topic of nuclear weapons and their damaging factors. Presentation “Nuclear weapons

Definition Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction with explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, isotope nuclei helium

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. The characteristics of the damaging effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by TNT equivalent, i.e. such amount of TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear ammunition by power is conventionally divided into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt) and extra-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and in water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: airborne, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Severe radioactive contamination of the area occurs only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Contamination of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, electromagnetic pulse. During an airborne nuclear explosion, the soil in the area of the epicenter swells. Radioactive contamination of the area, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas where neutron munitions are used, induced activity is generated in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause injury (irradiation) to personnel.

An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short-term blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instantaneous gamma radiation, ionization of environmental atoms occurs, which leads to the emergence of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the charge material turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of hot gases of the luminous region, trying to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching its maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances by air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (above-water) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column is connected to the explosion cloud from the moment of formation. A characteristic feature of a ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion is severe radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

Ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater is formed on the surface of the earth and severe radioactive contamination of the area both in the area of the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosion waves occur in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (underwater) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fission fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosion waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a crater in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. There is no light emission or penetrating radiation. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a plume (column of water), a base wave formed when the plume (column of water) collapses.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosion waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the area and atmosphere. In a comolet explosion, the main damaging factor is seismic blast waves.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it that the luminous area of the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (scattering explosion products), electromagnetic pulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at altitude over 60 km).

Cosmic nuclear explosion Cosmic explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values of the characteristics of the physical processes accompanying them, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, resulting in a luminescent air glow that lasts for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic pulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and distribution of the energy share of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation – 35%; penetrating radiation – 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse –1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined injuries to personnel. Weapons, equipment and fortifications fail mainly due to the impact of the shock wave.

Shock wave Shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to a high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of shock waves on people can be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow, leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are affected by flying debris from buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave With excess pressure kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm 2), unprotected people can receive minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to shock waves with excess pressure kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of damage to various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; shelters by 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and fire of flammable materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is the light pulse.

Light radiation Light impulse is the amount of energy in calories incident on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of radiation during the entire glow time. The weakening of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. Thus, thick light weakens the light pulse by A-9 times, rare light by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the area. Any barrier that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns.

Penetrating Radiation Penetrating radiation is the flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the area of a nuclear explosion. Its duration of action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, and in the explosion of neutron weapons, % of Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation is photon radiation (with photon energy J), which occurs when the energy state of atomic nuclei changes, nuclear transformations, or during the annihilation of particles.

Penetrating radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In the air it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter characterizing penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation, dose and radiation dose rate, for neutrons, flux and flux density. Permissible doses of radiation to the population in wartime: single dose for 4 days 50 R; multiple times during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 RUR.

Penetrating radiation As radiation passes through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of material, passing through which radiation decreases by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Civil defense structures are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its effect from 200 to 5000 times . A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.GO

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of air, terrain, water areas and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 °C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, towards which a dust column rises (that’s why the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and radioactive substances fall out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, when located on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which is actually a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (based on the effect on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (based on the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls from the cloud within an hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a set of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration of action is several milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic pulse In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against electromagnetic pulses is shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction. A source of nuclear destruction is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, there have been mass casualties and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has at its border an excess pressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of continuous rubble in populated areas. The forest is completely destroyed.

Zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the shock wave front from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and continuous rubble in populated areas and forests, the preservation of shelters and most anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

Zone of medium destruction Zone of medium destruction with excess pressure from 20 to 30 kPa. Characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal debris, continuous fires, preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and moderate destruction of buildings and structures. The source of damage in terms of the number of dead and injured may be comparable to or greater than the source of damage during an earthquake. Thus, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was up to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Personnel of economic facilities and the population entering zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (exposure) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose causing disease in a number of people and animals Light (I) Moderate (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV) More than 600 More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the context of military operations with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may be in zones of radioactive contamination, and the irradiation of people may become widespread. To avoid overexposure of facility personnel and the public under such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economic facilities in conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible radiation doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 rad; b) 90 days 200 rad; systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 rad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), an off-system unit of absorbed dose of radiation; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. A dose of 1 rad = 2.388 × 10 6 cal/g = 0.01 J/kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT is a unit of equivalent radiation dose in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by the conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, the weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. Currently, the sievert is increasingly replacing the obsolete physical equivalent of the X-ray (PER).

Slide 1

Nuclear weapon

Completed by: life safety teacher Savustyanenko Viktor Nikolaevich G. Novocherkassk MBOUSOSH No. 6

Slide 2

A weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes. Nuclear bomb explosion in Nagasaki (1945)

Slide 3

Damaging factors

Shock wave Light radiation Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) Radioactive contamination of the area Electromagnetic pulse

Slide 4

Shock wave

The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. It is an area of sharp compression of the medium, spreading in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed.

Slide 5

Light radiation

A stream of radiant energy including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. It spreads almost instantly and lasts up to 20 seconds, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion.

Slide 6

Electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms of the environment.

Slide 7

Depending on the type of nuclear charge, we can distinguish:

thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction; neutron weapon - a low-power nuclear charge, supplemented with a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

Slide 8

Soviet intelligence had information about work on creating an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from nuclear physicists who sympathized with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that the letter from the Soviet physicist Flerov addressed to him at the beginning of 1943, who was able to explain the essence of the problem popularly, was of decisive importance. As a result, on February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a decree to begin work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as head of the atomic project (his appointment was signed on March 10). Information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

Slide 9

On November 6, 1947, USSR Foreign Minister V.M. Molotov made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that “this secret has long ceased to exist.” This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and it had these weapons at its disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952. American reconnaissance satellites have discovered the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting claims by Moscow, which denies that tactical weapons were deployed there.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Material prepared by a teacher of additional education, club “READY TO DEFEND THE HOMELAND!” A. Ruban, NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS

2 slide

Slide description:

HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS In the USA they like to say that the atom is native to America, but this is not so. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was mainly European scientists who were involved. The English scientist Thomson proposed a model of the atom, the Frenchman Becqueral discovered radioactivity in 1896. The French Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska-Curie discovered the radioactive element radium in 1898. The Englishman Rutherford developed the theory of radioactive decay in 1902, in 1911 he also discovered the atomic nucleus, and In 1919 he observed the artificial transformation of nuclei. A. Einstein, who lived in Germany until 1933, developed the principle of equivalence of mass and energy in 1905. The Dane N. Bohr in 1913 developed a theory of the structure of the atom, which formed the basis of the physical model of a stable atom. In 1937, Irène Joliot-Curie discovered the fission process of uranium. And only in the early 40s. A group of scientists in the USA developed the physical principles of a nuclear explosion.

3 slide

Slide description:

USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS The first nuclear explosive device was detonated by the United States on July 16, 1945. The power of the explosion was about 20 kt. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remains at the explosion site are fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand has turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era. By the end of the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg. On the morning of August 6, the "Little Boy" bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. In the USSR, the first nuclear explosive device similar to the American one exploded on August 29, 1949.

4 slide

Slide description:

DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE USSR On February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a decree on the beginning of practical work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as head of the atomic project. On November 6, 1947, Molotov made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that “this secret has long ceased to exist.” A test site was built in the area of Semipalatinsk. On August 29, 1949, the first Soviet nuclear device, codenamed RDS-1, was detonated at this test site. The event that took place at the Semipalatinsk test site informed the world about the creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR, which put an end to the American monopoly on the possession of weapons new to humanity. By the end of 1949, two more RDS-1 bombs were manufactured, and in 1950, nine more. However, all these bombs were experimental devices; the USSR at that time did not have delivery systems.

5 slide

Slide description:

NUCLEAR CLUB “Nuclear Club” is the unofficial name of a group of countries that have nuclear weapons. It includes the USA (since 1945), Russia (since 1949), Great Britain (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998) and the DPRK (2006). Israel is also considered to have nuclear weapons. The "old" nuclear powers of the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France and China are the so-called nuclear five - that is, states that are considered "legitimate" nuclear powers according to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The remaining countries with nuclear weapons are called “young” nuclear powers. For various reasons, Brazil, Argentina, and Libya voluntarily abandoned their nuclear programs. Currently, it is assumed that Iran is closest to creating its own nuclear weapons. Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan transferred all nuclear weapons to the Russian Federation in 1994-1996.

6 slide

Slide description:

DAMAGING FACTORS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS Nuclear weapons include nuclear weapons, means of delivering them to the target (carriers) and control means. The power of a nuclear weapon explosion is usually expressed by TNT equivalent, that is, the amount of conventional explosive (TNT), the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy. The main parts of a nuclear weapon are: nuclear explosive (NE), neutron source, neutron reflector, explosive charge, detonator, ammunition body. As a result of the release of a huge amount of energy during an explosion, the damaging factors of nuclear weapons differ significantly from the effects of conventional weapons. The main damaging factors of nuclear weapons: SHOCK WAVE, LIGHT RADIATION, PENETRATING RADIATION, RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION, ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE.

7 slide

Slide description:

8 slide

Slide description:

This is the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, which causes destruction and damage to buildings and structures, and also affects people and animals. The source of the shock is the strong pressure generated at the center of the explosion (billions of atmospheres). The hot gases formed during the explosion, rapidly expanding, transfer pressure to neighboring layers of air, compressing and heating them, and they, in turn, affect the next layers, etc. As a result, a high-pressure zone spreads in the air at supersonic speed in all directions from the center of the explosion. Thus, during the explosion of a 20-kiloton nuclear weapon, the shock wave travels 1000 m in 2 seconds, 2000 m in 5 seconds, and 3000 m in 8 seconds. The front boundary of the wave is called the shock wave front. The degree of shock damage depends on the power and position of objects on it. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure.

Slide 9

Slide description:

It is a stream of radiant energy that includes visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to people’s organs of vision and fire of flammable materials and objects. Light radiation does not penetrate through opaque materials, so any barrier that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns. Light radiation is significantly weakened in dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, and snowfall.

10 slide

Slide description:

This is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons, spreading over 10-15 s. Passing through living tissue, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, biological processes arise in the body, leading to disruption of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation sickness. As a result of the passage of radiation through environmental materials, their intensity decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, that is, such a thickness of material, passing through which the radiation intensity is halved. For example, steel with a thickness of 2.8 cm, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm, reduces the intensity of gamma rays by half. Open and especially closed cracks reduce the impact of penetrating radiation, and shelters and anti-radiation shelters almost completely protect from her.

11 slide

Slide description:

Radioactive contamination of the area, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. The significance of radioactive contamination as a damaging factor is determined by the fact that high levels of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of tens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Radioactive contamination of the area can be dangerous for several weeks after the explosion. Gradually, the level of radiation in the area decreases, approximately 10 times over time intervals divisible by 7. For example, 7 hours after the explosion, the dose rate decreases 10 times, and after 50 hours - almost 100 times. Reliable protection against radioactive contamination are protective structures (shelters, blocked cracks, basements of industrial and residential buildings, etc.), personal protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, dust masks and cotton-gauze bandages, ordinary clothing and shoes).

12 slide

Slide description:

An electromagnetic pulse is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact may be burnout or breakdown of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment. The communication, signaling and control lines of missile launch complexes and command posts are most susceptible to EMR. Protection against EMI is carried out by shielding control and power supply lines and replacing the fuse-links of these lines. During a high-altitude explosion, the area of action of the electromagnetic pulse covers almost the entire surface of the Earth visible from the point of the explosion.

Slide 13

Slide description:

CONSEQUENCES OF THE USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS Nuclear weapons are a huge threat to all humanity. Scientists believe that with several large-scale nuclear explosions, resulting in the burning of forests and cities, huge layers of smoke and burning would rise to the stratosphere, thereby blocking the path of solar radiation. This phenomenon is called “nuclear winter”. Winter will last for several years, maybe even just a couple of months, but during this time the Earth's ozone layer will be almost completely destroyed. Streams of ultraviolet rays will pour onto the Earth. After the nuclear winter, the further natural continuation of life on Earth will be quite problematic: there will be a shortage of food and energy, radioactive contamination of areas, and global environmental changes.

Slide 14

Slide description:

The most reliable means of protection against all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are protective structures. In open areas and fields, you can use durable local objects, reverse slopes and folds of terrain for shelter. When operating in contaminated areas, to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and open areas of the body from radioactive substances, it is necessary, if possible, to use gas masks, respirators, anti-dust fabric masks and cotton-gauze bandages, as well as skin protection, including clothing.

1 of 65

Presentation on the topic: DAMAGING FACTORS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, so in terms of destructive and damaging effects it can be hundreds and thousands of times greater than the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives. A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, so in terms of destructive and damaging effects it can be hundreds and thousands of times greater than the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives.

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the enemy’s means of mass destruction, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy buildings and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also provide a strong moral and psychological impact to the enemy and thereby create the side using nuclear weapons has favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war. Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the enemy’s means of mass destruction, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy buildings and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also provide a strong moral and psychological impact to the enemy and thereby create the side using nuclear weapons has favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. The characteristics of the damaging effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by TNT equivalent, i.e. such amount of TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear ammunition by power is conventionally divided into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt) super-large (over 1 Mt).

Slide no. 8

Slide description:

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

Slide no. 10

Slide description:

Airborne nuclear explosion An airborne nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Severe radioactive contamination of the area occurs only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of a cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

Slide no. 11

Slide description:

Slide no. 12

Slide description:

An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short-term blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear fission, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instantaneous gamma radiation, ionization of environmental atoms occurs, which leads to the emergence of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

Slide no. 13

Slide description:

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the charge material turns into a high-temperature plasma emitting X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of hot gases of the luminous region, trying to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching its maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances by air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Slide no. 14

Slide description:

Slide no. 15

Slide description:

Slide no. 16

Slide description:

Slide no. 17

Slide description:

Ground (above-water) nuclear explosion The damaging factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic blast waves in the ground.

Slide no. 18

Slide description:

Slide no. 19

Slide description:

Slide no. 20

Slide description:

Slide no. 21

Slide description:

Slide no. 22

Slide description:

Slide no. 23

Slide description:

Slide no. 24

Slide description:

Slide no. 25

Slide description:

Slide no. 26

Slide description:

Underwater nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

Slide no. 27

Slide description:

Slide no. 28

Slide description:

Slide no. 29

Slide description:

Slide no. 30

Slide description:

Stratospheric nuclear explosion The damaging factors of stratospheric explosions are: X-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the environment, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the air.

Slide no. 31

Slide description:

Slide no. 32

Slide description:

Slide no. 33

Slide description:

Slide no. 34

Slide description:

Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to a high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Slide no. 35

Slide description:

Slide no. 36

Slide description:

Shock wave The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Slide no. 37

Slide description:

Slide no. 38

Slide description:

Shock wave At an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm2), unprotected people can receive minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to hydrocarbons with excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.

Slide no. 39

Slide description:

Shock wave The degree of damage to various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Slide no. 40

Slide description:

Light radiation Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and fire of flammable materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is the light pulse.

Slide description:

Slide no. 43

Slide description:

Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. Its duration is 10-15 s, range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, and in the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Slide no. 44

Slide description:

Slide no. 45

Slide description:

Penetrating radiation As radiation passes through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of material, passing through which radiation decreases by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. As protection against penetrating radiation, protective structures of civil defense are used, which weaken its impact from 200 up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.

Slide no. 48

Slide description:

Slide no. 49

Slide description:

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, when located on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which is actually a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (based on the effect on people), radiation dose rate - radiation level (based on the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Slide description:

Slide no. 54

Slide description:

The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction. A hotbed of nuclear destruction is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, there have been mass casualties and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

Slide description:

Slide no. 59

Slide description:

Slide no. 62

Slide description:

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the context of military operations with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may be in zones of radioactive contamination, and the irradiation of people may become widespread. To avoid overexposure of facility personnel and the public under such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economic facilities in conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible radiation doses are established. They are: for a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 rad; b) 90 days - 200 rad; systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 rad.

Slide description:

Slide no. 65

Slide description:

Presentation on the topic "Characteristics of nuclear weapons" on life safety in powerpoint format. The presentation provides information about nuclear weapons, their purpose, and the consequences of their use. Author of the presentation: Tarasov Vladimir Yurievich.

Fragments from the presentation

Characteristics of modern weapons and the consequences of their use

Modern means of destruction include weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and bacteriological (biological)) and conventional means of attack.

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive action is determined by the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. These weapons include various nuclear weapons, means of controlling them and delivering them to the target. It is the most powerful type of weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear weapons are intended for mass destruction of people, destruction or destruction of administrative and industrial centers, various objects, structures, and equipment.
The damaging effect of a nuclear explosion depends on the power of the ammunition charge, the type of explosion, and the type of nuclear explosion. The power of a nuclear weapon is characterized by the TNT equivalent, i.e., the mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), the explosion energy of which is equivalent to the explosion energy of a given nuclear weapon, and is measured in tons, thousands, millions of tons. Based on their power, nuclear weapons are divided into ultra-small, small, medium, large and super-large.

Types of explosions

A ground nuclear explosion is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height that its luminous area touches the surface of the earth and has the shape of a hemisphere or a truncated sphere.
Aerial nuclear explosions are used to destroy low-strength structures, destroy people and equipment over large areas, or when severe radioactive contamination of the area is unacceptable.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and their impact on people, buildings, and structures.

A huge amount of energy released during the explosion of a nuclear weapon is spent on the formation of an air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination of the area and an electromagnetic pulse, called the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

Shock wave

The shock wave of a nuclear explosion is one of the main damaging factors. Depending on the medium in which the shock wave arises and propagates - in air, water or soil, it is called, respectively, an air shock wave, a shock wave in water and a seismic blast wave.
An air shock wave is an area of sharp compression of air that spreads in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp jump in pressure, is called the shock wave front.

The shock wave of a nuclear explosion, as with the explosion of conventional ammunition, can cause various injuries to a person, including fatal ones. Lesions caused by a shock wave are divided into mild, moderate and severe.

Light radiation

The effect of light radiation from a nuclear explosion refers to electromagnetic radiation, which includes the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. The source of light radiation is the luminous area of the explosion.
Light radiation, affecting people, causes burns to exposed areas of the body and protected by clothing, eyes and temporary blindness. Depending on the magnitude of the light pulse, skin burns are classified into four degrees.
Light radiation in combination with a shock wave leads to numerous fires and explosions as a result of destruction of gas communications in populated areas and damage to electrical networks. The degree of damaging effects of light radiation is sharply reduced provided that people are notified in a timely manner, the use of protective structures, natural shelters (especially forests and folds of relief), personal protective equipment (protective clothing, glasses) and strict implementation of fire-fighting measures.

Penetrating radiation

Penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion is the flow of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted from the cloud zone of a nuclear explosion. The sources of penetrating radiation are nuclear reactions occurring in the ammunition at the moment of explosion, and the radioactive decay of fission fragments (products) in the explosion cloud.
Penetrating radiation, spreading in a medium, ionizes its atoms, and when passing through living tissue, it ionizes the atoms and molecules that make up the cells. This leads to disruption of normal metabolism, changes in the nature of the life of cells, individual organs and systems of the body.
Reliable protection against penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion is the protective structures of civil defense. When passing through various materials, the flow of gamma rays and neutrons is weakened. The ability of a material to attenuate gamma radiation or neutrons is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. a thick layer of material that reduces the radiation dose by 2 times.

Radioactive contamination of the area

Among the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination occupies a special place, since not only the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also an area ten or even hundreds of kilometers away can be exposed to its effects. At the same time, contamination can be created over large areas and for a long time, posing a danger to people and animals.
The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat area with constant wind direction and speed has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conventionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger for people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed until the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or the radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion
Reliable protection against radioactive contamination are protective structures (shelters, control devices, blocked cracks, basements of industrial and residential buildings, etc.), personal protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, dust-proof fabric masks and cotton-gauze bandages, ordinary clothes and shoes).

Electromagnetic pulse

During nuclear explosions, powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more arise in the atmosphere. Due to the short duration of existence of such fields, they are usually called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

Air explosion

An aerial explosion is a nuclear explosion whose minimum height is above the surface of the earth, while the luminous area does not touch the surface of the earth and has the shape of a sphere.

Seal

Also interesting:

The meaning of phraseological units starting with the letter K

Russia and the new war: scenarios and possible consequences

What is Anatoly Serdyukov doing now? Where is the former Minister of Defense?

We recommend reading:

2024-02-24 21:03:46

College of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Barnaul: rating, specialties, how to enroll Altai College of Architecture and Civil Engineering admissions committee

2024-02-23 20:04:39

Testing on South America Geography test (grade 7) on the topic In what year was South America opened?

2024-02-23 20:04:39

Open lessons on life sciences. What is life safety at school? Program and study of life safety at school. Studying life safety is the key to schoolchildren’s safety

Continuing the topic:

Guitar

Scenario of autumn leisure for the middle group

The script was sent by: Bosenko Z.M., primary school teacher. HOLIDAY “GOLDEN WIZARD AUTUMN” SONG: “About the edge”. 1. In the original autumn there is a short but wonderful time -...