Types and groups of unions. What types of unions are there? Particles in compound unions

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are the connecting link between the main and dependent clauses in a complex sentence (SPP). We present a list of allied words and subordinating conjunctions depending on the meaning of the subordinate part they attach.

Subordinating conjunctions

Unlike conjunctions, words of the auxiliary part of speech, they perform the role of a conjunction and at the same time remain full members of the sentence.

They asked me who I was, first in Portuguese, then in Spanish, then in French, but I did not know any of these languages ​​(Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

• (Who?) I- this is the subject;
• (what does it say about me?) who it- compound nominal predicate.

Let's list the allied words - pronouns:

• Who;
• What;
• Which;
• what;
• which;
• whose;
• how much (how much).

Examples of sentences with allied words - pronouns

Let me ask you who has the honor of being first? (Arthur Conan Doyle. The Hound of the Baskervilles).

Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what frightened him (M. N. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

Sometimes a master, no matter how angry he was, would calm down in her presence and talk graciously to me (A.S. Pushkin. Belkin’s Stories).

There was no answer, except for the general answer that life gives to all the most complex and insoluble questions (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

But I didn’t know and couldn’t find out what this period was (Anatoly Rybakov. Children of the Arbat).

Is he really doomed to death, this young man with a beautiful strong body, a young man whose voice sounds like the call of a bugle and the ringing of weapons? (Jack London. The Iron Heel).

But look how much unspoiled, childish there is still in her (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

But he was already in such a rage that he did not notice how futile his efforts were (Jack London. The Hearts of Three).

Conjunctive words are pronominal adverbs:

• Where;
• For what;
• How;
• When;
• Where;
• from where;
• why;
• why;
• how much.

Examples of sentences with allied words - adverbs

A rich collection of pistols was the only luxury of the poor mud hut where he lived (A.S. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).

They guessed why the tsar called to the palace (Alexey Tolstoy. Peter the Great).

It is unknown how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a trumpet (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

And when he opened them, he saw that it was all over, the haze dissolved, the checkered one disappeared, and at the same time the blunt needle jumped out of the heart (M. N. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

He didn’t know where he was walking, spreading his legs wide, but his legs knew very well where they were taking him (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

Two were already driving forward to the place where they were supposed to let them in (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

Maude released his hand, causing his fingers to loosen slightly and the pencil to fall out (Jack London. The Sea Wolf).

Then he lost patience and began to grumble why he was always forced to do what he didn’t want (Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer).

Yura understood how much he owed his uncle the general qualities of his character (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

How to distinguish conjunctions from allied words

Subordinates conjunctions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause.

For example:

It is bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries. (I. Bunin.)

Let's compare:

My father guessed what was in my soul (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

Conjunctive words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main (or other subordinate clause), but also are members of subordinate clauses.

For example:

In autumn, birds fly to places where it is always warm.

I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences the connecting words "Where" And "For what" are circumstances.

One of the important elements of speech in everyday life is conjunctions. In Russian, it is very difficult to communicate without them: after all, they are connecting elements in any text. With them, speech becomes more beautiful and varied.

Let's figure out what is meant by this term in our language. What words can be attributed to them, what are their functions.

Let's look at the types and categories of this part of speech and find out the main features. Let's draw up a plan for analyzing these words as a specific category of speech and do the analysis using a specific example.

Definition and functionality

The Russian language is rich in different types of helper words. One of these basic categories of speech is conjunctions.

The essence of this term is as follows: they can be called words that connect various repeating elements in a passage, its segments, several different sentences.

These are kind of linking words.

It is important to know: words of this category do not change and should not be elements (members) of a sentence!

Types of unions

The classification of such terms occurs, as a rule, in 3 directions. Let's look at each one separately.

According to syntactic features

These words connect fragments of compound or complex sentences. Let's look at each type separately.

Essays

They are also called compound ones. These words can only be used when linking equal fragments of a complex sentence.

Groups of coordinating words are distinguished, some of them are given in the table.

Subordinates

They are used as follows - one fragment of a complex sentence is subordinate to another. These segments are considered subordinate clauses.

The following groups of such words are distinguished.

Sometimes elements of subtype 7 can easily be confused with explanatory and other categories of this service category of speech. To avoid confusion, clarifying questions should be asked.

According to morphological characteristics

They are divided as simply as the previous type into:

• simple (one word) – a, and, but, etc.;
• compound (several words) – not only, but also; and others.

Moreover, the latter are also divided into 2 categories: double and repeating. Most often, the second type is a subtype of the first.

Doubles can be attributed to: if...yes, when...then...; and for repeating ones - this...that, neither...nor...

By word formation

According to how they are formed, they can be divided into:

• non-derivative – occurred independently of other categories;
• derivatives - formed from words of other categories.

The following types of the latter variety of words are distinguished:

• a combination of several words of this category of type 1;
• decree. word ch. sentence member + simple conjunction;
• word of this category + generalizing link;
• historical education.

Algorithm for parsing a conjunction as a part of speech

How to find and determine the nature of conjunctions in any text is written either in a reference book, or in a textbook or collection.

An example of analysis according to the specified plan

We were preparing a scene to perform well at a regional theater competition. In order to there was variety, we included dance, literature, games in the concert program And musical numbers. Hope, What we will perform well.

For clarity, the search terms are highlighted.

• To

1. Union – connects members of the SPP;
2. Subordinating, simple, derivative.

• In order to

1. Union – connects members of the SPP;
2. Subordinating, compound, derivative.

1. Union - connects one. SPP members;
2. Cogent, simple, non-derivative.

1. Union – connects members of the SPP;
2. Subordinating, simple, non-derivative.

Conclusion

We learned what types of conjunctions are divided into, how coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ, and what subtypes they are divided into. The result will be a table characterizing this part of speech.

Unions

Conjunctions are function words that express syntactic relationships between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences:

The stars are fading And go out.

The coachmen tied up the bells, to the ringing did not attract the attention of the guards.

The intention to find his son did not leave him. But it ripened in fits and starts—then the heart would ache, then it would quiet down and be forgotten.

Unions occupy a strictly defined place in a sentence, but are not members of the sentence.

In the semantics of conjunctions, as in the semantics of prepositions, lexical and grammatical meanings are combined.

Civil protection unions- this is their general indication of the connection between syntactic units, the nature of the syntactic connection between them. According to civil law, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

LZ unions– this is an indication of specific types of syntactic relations (adjunctive, adversative, etc.).

Among the unions there are also those that have only one LZ, i.e. single digit ( So - relations of consequence), and those that have several LPs, i.e. multi-valued. For example, union Yes may have the following meanings:

connecting ( Day and night - a day away);

Connection ( I was walking alone, and at night);

Opposite ( The eye sees, but the tooth numbs).

I. Coordinating conjunctions by meaning are divided into:

Connecting ( and, yes, and...and, neither...nor, also, also);

Nasty ( but, ah, yes, but, nevertheless, nevertheless, however);

Dividing ( either, or, or... either, or... or, then... then, not that... not that, either... or);

Comparative ( both... and, not only... but also);

Connecting ( and, yes and, yes and then);

Explanatory ( that is, somehow, or, namely).

II. Subordinating conjunctions by value are divided into:

Temporary ( until, barely, only, only, after, since, before);

Explanatory ( what, to, as if);

Target ( in order to);

Causal ( because, since, for, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that);

Conditional ( if, if, once, if only, when, how soon);

Concessive ( although, let, let, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that);

Comparative ( as if, as if, as if, exactly);

Consequences ( so, to the point that).

Types of unions by structure

(Russian grammar, vol. 1)

§ 1673. According to their structure, all unions are divided into simple(single word) and composite(non-verbal).

Simple conjunctions: A, anyhow(simple) as much(simple) en(outdated and simple), good(colloquial) will(outdated and simple), as if, like, Yes, so that(obsolete), even, barely, if(outdated and simple), If, same, And, for(book), or, So, if only(simple) How, How­ That, When, if And stake(simple and outdated), whether, or, than(book), But, Bye, for now(simple) as long as(simple) because the, let him(colloquial) let, once, isn't it, smooth(simple) that is to say(old) as if, So, Also, Same, exactly, though, Although, how, purely(simple) What, so that, to, a little(colloquial) supposedly(book and outdated).

This also includes a group of words that act as analogues of conjunctions in a sentence: in addition(in addition), (besides) (colloquial), after all, or rather, however, comes out(hence)(colloquial), Further, further, more(Besides), then(further), (in addition), but, Means, exactly, otherwise, By the way, only, finally, vice versa, For example, against, however, especially, Then(in addition)(colloquial), That's why, That's why, Truth, besides, and, Just, quicker(or rather), (more precisely) hence, actually(exactly), Now(further), (in addition)(colloquial), Then(in that case), only, more precisely.

§ 1676. Compound (non-word) conjunctions in their structure they represent incompletely formed compounds of two or more elements, each of which simultaneously exists in the language and as a separate word.

A) The formation of most compound conjunctions involves simple polysemantic conjunctions ( And, What, how, How, When, to, If, only).

Union- this is a service part of speech, which is used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence with each other, parts of a complex sentence and independent sentences in the text.

The conjunction as a part of speech begins to be studied in grades 3 and 4. Let's take a closer look at what a union is in Russian.

According to grammatical characteristics, all words are classified as independent or auxiliary parts of speech.

They have a general grammatical meaning and denote an object ( tree, care), sign ( cheerful, sea), action or state ( build, reflect), quantity ( three, six) etc. Words of independent parts of speech have characteristic grammatical and syntactic features by which they can be recognized and distinguished from each other and from auxiliary parts of speech.

They cannot name objects and their characteristics, actions or quantities. They do not change, do not have a full lexical meaning, grammatical features and are not members of a sentence. Function words are used to express various relationships between phenomena of reality, indicated by words of independent parts of speech.

In Russian there are three functional parts of speech:

• preposition ( to, from, about);
• union ( ah, but, bye);
• particle ( how, really, that's it).

Let's find out why the conjunction is used as a functional part of speech.

Union is a means of communication

There can be several words in a sentence that answer the same question and explain the same word. . You can simply list them using intonation, or you can use a conjunction with them as a functional part of speech.

Let's compare:

In my grandfather's garden there are apple trees, cherries, pears, and plums.

In my grandfather's garden there are apple trees, cherries, pears and plums.

A conjunction is also in demand in a complex sentence if it connects its parts:

The wind rose and the gray clouds went beyond the horizon.

Finally, a conjunction can connect entire fragments of text:

For a long time, people considered the North impassable. The icy lifeless desert was dangerous for humans. And yet, starting from the 16th century, ships of daredevils regularly visited the North. Mariners had a centuries-old dream of finding a passage between continents.

Having observed the use of conjunctions, let us define the words of this part of speech:

Definition

Union is a service part of speech that is used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and fragments of text.

Origin and composition of unions

By origin, unions are divided into non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivative conjunctions are not associated with other parts of speech:

a, and, but, yes, or, either

Derivative conjunctions are formed from words of other parts of speech using the method of transition:

• too, also, but;
• if, although, for now, as if.

According to the composition of unions there are

• simple ones, which consist of one word ( and, yes, bye, how);
• compounds having several words ( until, in order to).

According to their frequency, conjunctions are divided into single ones ( ah, but, yes, too), repeating ( neither...nor, not that...not that, either...or) and double, which consist of several mutually related components separated by other words:

• both...and;
• than...that;
• if...then;
• since...that;
• only just... how.

Based on their syntactic role in a sentence, they distinguish between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions connect equal elements:

• homogeneous members;
• simple sentences within a complex sentence;
• sentences in the text;
• paragraphs of text.

According to the expressed relationships between the members of the sentence and the parts of the complex sentence, coordinating conjunctions are divided into groups:

1. connecting conjunctions, which are used when listing:

and, and...and, neither...nor, yes (=and)

On this dark night, neither the stars nor the moon illuminated our path.

2. adversative conjunctions express relations of opposition, inconsistency of objects, signs, actions, emphasize the differences between them:

a, but, yes (=but), however, on the other hand, only

Silence reigned all around, but a faint rumble was heard in the distance.

3. dividing unions denote relations of mutual exclusion of phenomena, alternation of objects, events:

or, either, whether...either, then...that, or...either, not that...not that and etc.

In the morning, the sky either frowns or a ray of sunshine suddenly breaks out from behind the clouds.

4. gradational unions have the meaning of strengthening or weakening the significance of one of the members of a homogeneous series, as a rule, the second:

not only...how much, not only...but also, not really...but, if not...then, although and...but

We not only watched the play, but also read this play in the original.

5. explanatory conjunctions express relations of clarification:

that is, namely, or (=that is)

At the exhibition, the potter offers clay products, namely: whistles, figurines of animals and birds, and decorative dishes.

6. affiliation unions serve to add additional information or comments:

and, moreover, besides, and also, also, also

There was only one path, and in some places it was through a swamp.

These are conjunctions that connect unequal parts of a complex sentence. As part of a complex sentence, they indicate the dependence of one sentence on another.

By meaning they distinguish

1. explanatory conjunctions:

what, so, how, if, as if etc.

We don't know if we should follow this advice.

2. temporary unions:

when, while, barely, while, just, before. after etc.

As soon as it was dawn, the tedious autumn rain began.

3. causal conjunctions:

since, because, because, since, for, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that etc.

She sang loudly because she was afraid of the oppressive silence around her.

4. target alliances:

so that, in order to, in order to, if only etc.

In order to understand another person, it is enough to listen to him carefully.

5. comparative unions:

as if, as if, exactly, as if, just like

Under her light steps, the foliage rustled quietly, like a hedgehog sometimes rustling in the bushes.

6. concessionary alliances:

although, let, let, for nothing, despite the fact that

Even though this village is called a town, there are very few residents left here.

7. consequence unions:

so, due to which, due to which

It was quickly getting dark, so that the silhouettes of the trees outside the windows merged into one dark wall.

Morphological analysis of the union

The sequence of parsing the conjunction as a part of speech:

1. auxiliary part of speech conjunction;
2. immutable
3. coordinating or subordinating;
4. rank by value;
5. simple or compound;
6. indicate what connects.

Examples of morphological analysis

White swans and motley ducks swim in the park pond.

Yes- is a conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating, connecting ( yes=and), simple, connects homogeneous subjects.

Ivan has a strong will, and he has a secret dream.

AND- this is a conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating, connecting, simple, connects two simple sentences in the SSP.

If there is no rain in the morning, you can move on.

If- this is a conjunction, unchangeable, subordinating, conditions, simple, attaches the subordinate part of the condition in the IPP.

Video tutorial

List of Russian language conjunctions

A	coordinating	adversarial
and in addition	coordinating	connecting
namely	coordinating	explanatory
and also	coordinating	connecting
otherwise	coordinating	connecting
thanks to the fact that	subordinate	causal
good	subordinate	causal
will	subordinate	conditional
as if	subordinate	comparative
in addition	coordinating	connecting
as a result of which	subordinate	investigative
as a result of the fact that	subordinate	causal
due to the fact that	subordinate	causal
due to the fact that	subordinate	causal
in case	subordinate	conditional
while	subordinate	comparative
in case	subordinate	conditional
wherefore	subordinate	connecting
due to the fact that	subordinate	causal
despite the fact that	subordinate	concessive
sort of like that	subordinate	comparative
as a result of which	subordinate	connecting
due to the fact that	subordinate	causal
yes in addition	coordinating	connecting
yes even	coordinating	connecting
yes (= and)	coordinating	connecting
yes (= but)	coordinating	adversarial
yes and	coordinating	connecting
yes even then	coordinating	connecting
so that	subordinate	target
even	coordinating	connecting
for nothing that	subordinate	concessive
in order to	subordinate	target
same	coordinating	adversarial
barely	subordinate	temporary
barely... how	subordinate	temporary
barely..., just	subordinate	temporary
if	subordinate	conditional, causal
If	subordinate	conditional, causal
if	subordinate	comparative
if not... then	coordinating
if... then	subordinate	conditional, comparative
then to	subordinate	target
then what	subordinate	causal
but	coordinating	adversarial
For what	subordinate	connecting
And	coordinating	connecting
but still	subordinate	concessive
and that means	subordinate	cause-and-effect
namely	coordinating	explanatory
and therefore	subordinate	cause-and-effect
and besides	coordinating	connecting
And still	subordinate	concessive
and therefore	subordinate	cause-and-effect
and then	coordinating	connecting
and then	subordinate	time
and further	coordinating	connecting
and... and	coordinating	connecting
for	subordinate	causal
and in addition	coordinating	connecting
because of	subordinate	causal
or	coordinating	dividing, explanatory
or or	coordinating	dividing
if only	subordinate	conditional
How	subordinate	comparative, conditional, connecting, temporary
How soon	subordinate	conditional
as if	subordinate	comparative
as if	subordinate	comparative
as if	subordinate	comparative
as soon as	subordinate	temporary
both... and	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
somehow?	coordinating	connecting
When	subordinate	temporary, conditional
when... then	subordinate	temporary
if	subordinate	conditional, causal
besides	coordinating	connecting
besides	coordinating	connecting
whether..., whether	coordinating	dividing
or	coordinating	dividing
or either	coordinating	dividing
only	subordinate	temporary
if only	subordinate	target
only just	subordinate	temporary
meanwhile	subordinate	comparative
than	subordinate	comparative
not as much... as	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
not that... not that	coordinating	dividing
not only not..., but also	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
not only... but also	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
not only...., but also	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
not only... but even	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
no matter what	subordinate	concessive
no matter what	subordinate	concessive
despite the fact that	subordinate	concessive
no no	coordinating	connecting
But	coordinating	adversarial
however	coordinating	adversarial
especially	coordinating	connecting
that's why	subordinate	connecting
because	subordinate	causal
why	subordinate	connecting
before as	subordinate	temporary
as	subordinate	comparative
due to the fact that	subordinate	causal
just like	subordinate	comparative
Bye	subordinate	temporary
for now	subordinate	temporary
as long as	subordinate	temporary
not yet	subordinate	temporary
after	subordinate	temporary
because	subordinate	causal
because	subordinate	connecting
because	subordinate	causal
why	subordinate	connecting
before	subordinate	temporary
despite all that	subordinate	concessive
provided that	subordinate	conditional
besides	subordinate	connecting
and	subordinate	connecting
let him	subordinate	concessive
let	subordinate	concessive
in order to	subordinate	target
once	subordinate	conditional
earlier than	subordinate	temporary
so that	subordinate	target
since	subordinate	temporary
as if	subordinate	comparative
as well as	subordinate	comparative
as well as	subordinate	comparative
because	subordinate	causal
since... then	subordinate	causal
So	subordinate	investigative
also	coordinating	connecting
especially since	subordinate	causal
whereas	subordinate	comparative
that is	subordinate	explanatory
either... or	coordinating	dividing
then... then	coordinating	dividing
Same	coordinating	connecting
only	subordinate	temporary, conditions
if only	subordinate	target
just now	subordinate	temporary
only just	subordinate	temporary
just a little	subordinate	temporary
exactly	subordinate	comparative
Although	subordinate	concessive
although... but	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
although... but	coordinating	comparative-contrastive
how	subordinate	comparative
than..., the	subordinate	comparative
What	subordinate	explanatory, connecting
so that	subordinate	target
to	subordinate	target

1. By education:

non-derivatives: a, but, or, yes, and;

derivatives, educated:

by connecting non-derivative conjunctions: as if;

by connecting the demonstrative word from the main part and a simple conjunction: in order to;

by connecting a conjunction with a word with a generalized meaning: until, while;

historically from other parts of speech: yet, although, in order to.

2. By structure:

simple(written without spaces): a, for;

composite(written with one or more spaces): since, while.

3. By the nature of the syntactic relations expressed by them:

Essays conjunctions are conjunctions that connect:

homogeneous members of the sentence;

parts of a complex sentence;

sentences in the text;

paragraphs of text.

Coordinating conjunctions have the following categories of meaning:

1) connective (meaning “both this, and that”): and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), neither...nor, as...so and, and...and, not only...but and, as... so and, also, also;

2) dividing (meaning “either this, or that”): or, either, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...or;

3) adversatives (meaning “not this, but that”): a, but, yes (meaning “but”), however, but.

Subordinates alliances are alliances that unite unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of these components on the other. They tie

parts of a complex sentence

can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members. So, for example, a subordinating conjunction Although connects homogeneous members of a sentence: The book is interesting, although a little long; conjunctions as if, as if, which connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence: In winter the night is longer than the day; The pond is like a mirror.

The following categories of subordinating conjunctions are distinguished by meaning:

1) temporary: when, while, barely, only, while;

2) causal: since, because, for (obsolete / bookish);

3) conditional: if, if (obsolete), if (obsolete);

4) targeted: in order to, in order to, for the purpose of, so that (obsolete);

5) concessional: although, despite the fact that;

6) consequences: so;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if;

8) explanatory: what, how, so that.

Note . Some conjunctions are multi-valued and can be classified into several categories, for example: so that (target and explanatory), when (temporary and conditional).

Unions do not change, are not members of the sentence.

The union is disassembled according to the following scheme:

2. Permanent signs:

– unchangeable,

– rank by value,

– simple / compound,

- what connects.

We all jumped out of our chairs, But again a surprise: the noise of many steps was heard, which meant What the hostess returned not alone, A it was really strange because she herself appointed this hour.

Examples of parsing conjunctions: but, what, and, since

But

What

A– conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating (adversative), simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.

because

Child That was capricious And cried That was cheerful But mother was worried because it seemed to her What he's about to get sick If she will stop thinking about him.

Examples of parsing conjunctions: then... then, and, but, because, what if

then... then– conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating, (divisive), compound, connects homogeneous members of a sentence

And– conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating (conjunctive), simple, connects homogeneous members of a sentence

But– conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating (adversative), simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.

because– conjunction, unchangeable, subordinating (reason), compound, connects parts of a complex sentence.

What– conjunction, unchangeable, subordinating (explanatory), simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.

If– conjunction, unchangeable, subordinating (conditional), simple connects parts of a complex sentence.

Note:

Also - answers the question “which?”, often goes along with the adverb “how”.

Example: He was a literate person, just like me.

Also - an analogue of the conjunction “and”, the phrase “besides”.

Example: He was 20 and also had a beard.

The same - answers the question “what?”, often goes together with the pronoun (conjunctive word) “what”.

Example: I came home at the same time as her.

Also an analogue of the conjunction “and”, a state of equivalence.

Example: Have you also been to the sea?

Important! In sentences where the “zhe” appears separately, it can be discarded without loss of meaning.