§17 demographic situation in modern Russia and problems of single-parent families. Tasks for working with statistical sources The problem of single-parent families

1. During the 1970s – 1990s. The rate of growth of national income has been steadily declining.

2. The main reason for the slowdown in the growth rate of national income was the slowdown in the growth rate of production assets.

3. It can be assumed that new technology was being introduced into production, but interest in introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress was low.

4. Capital productivity fell steadily, which had the most negative impact on the pace

increase in national income.

Average annual growth rates of produced national income, production assets and capital productivity in the USSR economy in 1970 - 1990.

Note.

Capital productivity is the national income produced per ruble of production fixed assets.

Answer:

1.Yes, this is evidenced by the dynamics of indicators in the first row of the table (5.7, 4.3, 3.2, 1.3%, respectively). 2. No, the growth rate of production assets in 1970 – 1990, on the contrary, grew (second line of the table). 3. Yes, the introduction of new technology is evidenced by the growth rate of production assets (second line). A comparison of the second and third rows of the table can indicate low interest in implementing the achievements of scientific and technical progress (capital productivity fell, which indicates that the state, as the owner of production assets, did not receive additional profit and an increase in production costs). 4. Yes, the output confirms the comparison of the third and first rows of the table.

2. There are two diagrams in front of you. Analyze them and evaluate the conclusions drawn. You can agree with each conclusion or refute it. Your opinion must be supported by chart data.

1. The main motive forcing respondents to refrain from committing a crime is fear of punishment.

2. A fundamentally negative attitude towards crime prevents people from committing a crime and occupies a subordinate position, as evidenced by the proportion of answers “For reasons of principle.”

3. Differences in motives that deter men and women from committing crimes,

are significant and fundamental.

4. These diagrams prove that the most effective means of fighting crime are associated with toughening criminal liability. Reasons deterring people from committing a crime (according to a survey, 1924, as a percentage of the number of respondents)

Answer:

1. No, these charts show that fear of punishment keeps 19.6% of men and 20% of women (about a fifth) from crime. 2. No, in the group of those who take a fundamentally negative attitude towards criminal activity, it is also necessary to include respondents who answered “Conscience did not allow”, “Out of disgust for the act.” Combined with the position “For reasons of principle,” this is approximately 75% of men and 76% of women. 3. No, the indicators for men and women are almost the same (taking into account the grouping proposed above). Women more often chose the emotionally charged wording “Conscience did not allow”, men – the more restrained “For reasons of principle”. 4. The diagram does not provide grounds for an unambiguous conclusion. On the one hand, they show that educational and preventive measures and the formation of a legal culture are of great importance. On the other hand, the fact that only a fifth recognize fear of punishment as the main motive may indicate people’s weak faith in the inevitability of

1. Studying the problems of a modern family will help you consciously approach your own life scenario, in which a full-fledged family certainly plays a significant role.
2. It is worth keeping in mind that the tendency to limit C to an only child in a family contributes to depopulation. It creates a serious risk of turning such a child into an egoist. Depopulation and declining fertility have negative consequences for the health of the nation. The predominance of first-born children among those born in itself means a deterioration in the psychophysiological characteristics of the population, since first-born children have worse health indicators compared to subsequent children.

1. The prospect of an aging population forces us to temporarily think about who and how will provide for you in old age. The state, based on the emerging relationships between generations, is moving to a funded pension system. You will have to “save” more and more for your old age if the trend towards a reduction in the number of children in the country continues.
2. It is also important to remember: in order to live a long time, you must “maintain health and interest in life for many years, and in this an important role belongs to a full-fledged happy family.

Document

From the Concept of Demographic Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 (approved by the Government of Russia in September 2001).

The objectives of the demographic development of the Russian Federation are:

in the field of improving health and increasing life expectancy of the population

• increase in life expectancy of the population;
• increase in healthy (active) life expectancy;
• improving the reproductive health of the population;
• improving the quality of life of chronically ill and disabled people;

in the field of stimulating fertility and strengthening families

• creating preconditions for increasing the birth rate;
• comprehensive strengthening of the institution of family as a form of harmonious life of the individual;
• creating conditions for self-realization of youth;
• ensuring targeted social protection for families, including the provision of financial assistance at the birth of a child;

in the field of migration and settlement

• regulation of migration flows in order to create effective mechanisms for replacing the natural population decline of the Russian Federation;
• increasing the efficiency of using migration flows by achieving compliance of their volumes, directions and composition with the interests of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;
• ensuring the integration of migrants into Russian society and the formation of a tolerant attitude towards them.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. Name the main goals of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation.
2. What measures are aimed at preventing the negative consequences of depopulation?
3. From the point of view of the emerging demographic situation, evaluate each of the tasks provided for by the Concept for regulating migration.

Self-test questions

1. What trends in family development can be assessed as unfavorable? What is an incomplete family? How does the increase in the number of single-parent families affect the demographic and social situation in society?
2. What characterizes the current demographic situation in Russia?
3. What factors have had a negative impact on the current demographic situation in Russia?

Tasks

What demographic consequences could such a situation lead to? What measures proposed in the Concept (see document) are aimed at overcoming negative consequences?

Agree or argue with the poet.

Probably, fearing widow's tears,
You have not tied yourself to anyone with love.
But if a terrible fate took you away,
The whole world would put on a widow's veil.
In her child, a mournful widow
Favorite traits are reflected.
And you don't leave the creature,
In which the light would find solace.
The wealth that the spendthrift squanders
Changing place, remains in the world.
And beauty will flash without a trace,
And youth, having disappeared, will not return.
Who betrays himself -
Doesn't love anyone in this world!

W. Shakespeare

Thoughts of the wise

"If you don't think about the future, you won't have one."

J. Galsworthy (1867-1933), English writer

Complete and incomplete? Why do we need to know how many of us Russians there are? What threatens the current demographic situation in the country?

FAMILY DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN MODERN RUSSIA

Perhaps today there is not a single popular publication or media outlet that would not sound the alarm in connection with the widespread crisis of family and family values. Russia is no exception in this regard. Is the family's situation really that dramatic?

Statistics and sociological surveys provide a rather contradictory picture of the state of the family in modern Russia.

On the one hand, there is an increase in the number of registered marriages. In 2001, it increased by 11% compared to the previous year and for the first time in the last five years exceeded 1 million. The situation on the “marriage market” is developing quite favorably. Based on the widely accepted ratio of the ages of brides and grooms (the groom is usually 2 years older than the bride), then in 2001 there was one potential groom for every potential bride.

However, the 2002 census showed that women outnumber men by 10 million (77.6 million versus 67.6 million). There are 1,147 women per 1,000 men. The predominance of the number of women over the number of men is observed from the age of 33. How can one not remember the popular one in the 70s. XX century a song about how girls stand on the sidelines at a dance, “tugging at handkerchiefs in their hands. Because according to statistics, there are nine guys for every ten girls.”

To this we can add statistics from the latest census that out of 1,000 people aged 16 years and over, 210 have never been married (161 in 1989); 572 are married (653 in 1989); 114 widows (110 in 1989); 94 were divorced (72 in 1989). (What conclusions can be drawn from the data provided?)

Demographers record an increase in the age of people getting married. They explain this fact by the desire of the newlyweds to find a financial and material basis for family life and complete their education. This trend is typical for most developed countries, and it is clearly manifested in Russia.

Another recent trend is that the number of divorces is increasing all over the world. On average, 3,616 marriages and 1,534 divorces are registered daily in Russia, leaving 1,288 children without one of their parents.

Among the motives for divorce, one of the first places is occupied by drunkenness or drug addiction of one of the spouses, then there are conflicts and scandals, bad relations with the relatives of the husband or wife and their interference in the relations of the young family, infidelity of the husband or wife, and sexual incompatibility. A common feature that can be identified in these motives is the lack of proper socio-psychological preparation among spouses for marriage and the fulfillment of family roles.

Another noticeable trend is the increasing age of parents at the time of the birth of the first child in the family. By postponing having children, modern family people strive to make a career and achieve material well-being. If in pre-industrial society the well-being of a family often directly depended on the number of workers in it, today the situation is radically changing.

Demographers believe that to ensure population stability, the birth rate must average 2.5-3 children per woman. However, there are still no grounds for implementing such an optimistic scenario in practice. In many ways, the demographic situation is due to the predominance of the established family type in the country.

According to sociologists, the model of a typical family in a modern industrial society is a complete, nuclear family (from the Latin nucleus - core), consisting of one pair of spouses with children and being in a registered marriage, with two workers in the family. The average number of family members is 3.6 people. The modern family is experiencing significant transformations caused by profound shifts in the development of society. At the same time, it continues to occupy an important place in the life plans of young people.

The dominant motives for getting married among young people are: love, the “do as everyone else” stereotype, and calculation. Modern young people give preference to such traits of their chosen ones as intelligence, kindness, decency, reliability, loyalty, love for children, modesty, and patience. External attractiveness is not in the first place. The female ideal is focused on enterprising men who are able to provide for their family financially, tactful men with a sense of humor and without bad habits. Men see the ideal of a wife in such virtues as fidelity, femininity, modesty, homeliness, and good character.

The reduction in average family size and the weakening of intra-family ties have a negative impact on its stability. In addition, there are functional changes in the institution of the family: the effect of double employment of women, the loss of male prestige in the family due to changes in the nature and size of sources of well-being, and a decrease in the family educational function.

THE PROBLEM OF SINGLE-PARTY FAMILIES

We would sin against the truth if the conversation about the modern family was limited to the model of an ideal family. Scientists from various specialties have recorded a growing “break in family unity, a disruption in the structure of social roles, when one or more family members cannot accurately fulfill their role responsibilities.”

The most common deviations from the ideal family model are:
- incomplete family group, in which one of the members is initially missing (single mother with a child);
- a broken family due to the intentional departure of one of the spouses; annulment, separation, divorce;
- a family experiencing a crisis caused by external events: the death of one of the spouses, imprisonment, etc.;
- a family “like an empty shell”, when spouses live together but maintain only minimal contact with each other.

One of the relatively new trends in demography is the increase in the number of children born out of wedlock. For 1994-2000 their share increased from 19.6% of the total number of births to 27.9%. The age of mothers in out-of-wedlock births has two peak values ​​- up to 20 years and 30-35 years. The first peak reflects a decrease in the age at which sexual relations begin, an increase in premarital pregnancies, the second - largely conscious motherhood with the refusal to register marriage on the part of both men and women. Interestingly, according to the 2002 census, the number of women who indicated that they were married
married, exceeded the number of married men by 65 thousand (according to the 1989 census there were 28 thousand). It can be assumed that many women raising children outside of a registered marriage nevertheless consider themselves married, while the fathers of these children are unmarried.

The growth of out-of-wedlock births, on the one hand, and unregistered de facto marital unions, on the other, mean a trend towards separation of the institutions of marriage and family. This trend has yet to be recognized by family scientists. However, it is obvious that the disintegration or weakening of family ties and the increase in the number of single-parent families in the country have the most adverse effect on the family’s performance of basic functions. In an incomplete family, not only are material problems more likely to arise, affecting the economic and organizational function, but, what is more dangerous, there is a lack of full-fledged family relationships. In the absence of one of the parents, the child cannot always receive full communication, fully satisfy the needs for joint leisure activities, and feel psychological security.

In addition, in an incomplete family, the function of socialization is implemented in a reduced form, since the child is deprived of a positive role model in mastering the role of a family man. In order not to repeat failures in organizing family life in the future, children from single-parent families have to learn from their own mistakes and from the mistakes of their parents.

Single-parent families cannot fully perform the reproductive function, which inevitably affects the general demographic situation.

CURRENT DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Scientists note with alarm that quite complex trends are observed in the demographic situation of Russia. Let's name the most significant of them.

The number of Russians is decreasing.

The population of the Russian Federation is 145.2 million people. According to this indicator, our country ranks 7th in the world after China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan. However, Russia is losing its place in the global demographic hierarchy. By the end of 2001, Russia's share of the world population had fallen to 2.4%, and the decline continues. Compared to the 1989 census, the population decreased by 1.8 million.

The population of Russia has not reproduced since the mid-60s. XX century

Over the past century, our country has experienced several periods when population reproduction was “narrowed,” that is, it did not provide growth. Two of these periods were associated with catastrophic mortality during the world wars. Years of mass repression also took their toll.

After World War II, infant mortality fell rapidly, while birth rates fell. And since the mid-1960s. The birth rate dropped below the replacement level. Russia is currently experiencing the consequences of children born during this period of “narrowed” reproduction becoming parents themselves. A sharp decline in the birth rate in the 1990s. only aggravated the already unfavorable situation with population reproduction. But even if today it were possible to return to the fertility indicators that existed before this fall, say, to the indicators of 1965-1985, this would not lead to the restoration of positive natural population growth in the country. A return to the higher birth rates of the late 1930s or at least the early 1950s, when more than half of Russia's population was rural, is now unlikely.

That is why now the main and practically the only mechanism that can be used to counteract the rapid decline of the Russian population is immigration. However, its possibilities are not limitless. Receiving a large number of migrants in general, especially foreign-language migrants associated with other cultural traditions, is far from a painless process, and in the current economic state and social climate in Russia it is doubly not painless. Today's migration problems are one of the new challenges that Russia will have to respond to in the 21st century.

The population is declining mainly due to its natural loss , i.e. the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births, and also due to emigration to foreign countries.

In 2000, the death rate was 15.3 per 1,000 people. Among the most common causes of death, experts name circulatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and accidents. Alcoholism and drug addiction have a negative impact on the life expectancy of the Russian population. These causes of death are becoming noticeably younger. The male mortality rate is 4 times higher than the female mortality rate and 2-4 times higher than in economically developed countries.

Reduction in the working-age population. According to the census, the working age population (men - 16-59 years old, women - 16-54 years old) was 61%, below working age - 18%, over working age - 21%.

Thus, experts assess the current situation with the population in Russia as depopulation - reduced reproduction and population decline.

The social consequences of depopulation are associated with the prospect of a reduction in labor potential, economic activity of the population, and its aging. The aging of the population, in turn, creates additional requirements for the development of social security and medical care for the elderly. Even in economically developed countries, as the share of older people in the population pyramid increases, governments are forced to increase the retirement age. Another side of the process of population aging is the exacerbation of the problem of loneliness of older people and their alienation from younger generations.

Depopulation and a decline in the birth rate have a negative impact on the so-called infantilization the younger generation. Excessive custody of children, which is common in small families, increases the risk of raising an egoist who is focused on his own interests and does not have a sense of responsibility and independence. The prospect of a growing gap in ties between generations cannot be considered positive for the development of society. The solidarity of generations, their mutual assistance and cooperation in single-parent or small families are weakening, and joint household work is losing its importance.

Is there a way out of the current demographic situation? The official Concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, approved by the Russian Government in September 2001, states that “the goals of the demographic development of the Russian Federation are to stabilize the population and create preconditions for subsequent demographic growth.”

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

1 Studying the problems of a modern family will help you consciously approach your own life scenario, in which a full-fledged family certainly plays a significant role.

2 It is worth keeping in mind that the tendency to limit one child to only one child in a family contributes to depopulation. It creates a serious risk of such a child becoming an egoist. Depopulation and declining birth rates have negative consequences for the health of the nation. The predominance of first-born children among those born in itself means a deterioration in the psychophysiological characteristics of the population, since first-born children have worse health indicators compared to subsequent children.

3 The prospect of an aging population forces us to think in advance about who and how will provide for you in old age. The state, based on the emerging relationships between generations, is moving to a funded pension system. You will have to “save” more and more for your old age if the trend towards a reduction in the number of children in the country continues.

4 It is also important to remember: in order to live a long time, you need to maintain health and interest in life for many years, and in this an important role belongs to a full-fledged happy family.

DOCUMENT

From the Concept of Demographic Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 (approved by the Government of Russia in September 2001).

The objectives of the demographic development of the Russian Federation are:

in the field of improving health and increasing life expectancy of the population
- increase in life expectancy of the population;
- increase in healthy (active) life expectancy;
- improving the reproductive health of the population;
- improving the quality of life of chronically ill and disabled people;

in the field of stimulating the birth rate and strengthening the family - creating prerequisites for increasing the birth rate;

Comprehensive strengthening of the institution of family as a form of harmonious life of the individual;
- creating conditions for self-realization of youth;
- ensuring targeted social protection of the family, including the provision of financial assistance at the birth of a child;

in the field of migration and settlement

Regulation of migration flows in order to create effective mechanisms for replacing the natural population decline of the Russian Federation;
- increasing the efficiency of using migration flows by achieving compliance of their volumes, directions and composition with the interests of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;
- ensuring the integration of migrants into Russian society and the formation of a tolerant attitude towards them.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR THE DOCUMENT

1. Name the main goals of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation.
2. What measures are aimed at preventing the negative consequences of depopulation?
3. From the point of view of the current demographic situation, evaluate each of the tasks provided for by the Concept for regulating migration.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

1. What trends in family development can be assessed as unfavorable? What is an incomplete family? How to increase
does the number of single-parent families affect the demographic and social situation in society?
2. What characterizes the current demographic situation in Russia?
3. What factors have had a negative impact on the current demographic situation in Russia?

TASKS

1. There is an opinion that single-parent families correspond to the peculiarities of the development of society in the industrial and post-industrial era. Do you agree with this point of view? Give reasons for your answer.

2. Analyze the data in the following table, draw conclusions about the current trend and its impact on the demographic situation.

Ideal and real number of children per woman.
Russia, 1991-2000

3. The Concept of Demographic Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 notes: “The general trend in the dynamics of mortality of the country's population is characterized by excess mortality among people of working age, among whom about 80 percent are men. The mortality rate among men is four times higher than the mortality rate among women, and two to four times higher than that in developed countries."

What demographic consequences could such a situation lead to? What measures proposed in the Concept (see document) are aimed at overcoming negative consequences?

4. Agree or argue with the poet.

Probably, fearing widow's tears,
You have not tied yourself to anyone with love.
But if a terrible fate took you away,
The whole world would put on a widow's veil.
In her child, a mournful widow
Favorite traits are reflected.
And you don't leave the creature,
In which the light would find solace.
The wealth that the spendthrift squanders
Changing place, remains in the world.
And beauty will flash without a trace,
And youth, having disappeared, will not return.
Who betrays himself -
Doesn't love anyone in this world!

Year Ideal number of children Actual number of children 1991 2.02 1.73 1992 1.59 1.55 1994 2.00 1.40 1995 2.22 1.34 1996 2.21 1.28 1997 2.06 1.23 1998 2.09 1.24 1999 2.09 1.17 2000 2.14 1.21 Analyze the data in the following table, draw conclusions about the current trend and its impact on the demographic situation.

Answers:

From this table we can observe a downward trend in the birth rate, since every year the ideal number of children and the actual number of children increasingly do not coincide. This is due to the change in the position of women in society, with early marriages, where people are not ready to take responsibility. This has a negative impact on the demographic situation, since the ideal birth rate seems more and more unattainable every year.

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Ideal number of children
Real number of children
1991
2,02
1,73
1992
1,59
1,55
1994
2,00
1,40
1995
2,22
1,34
1996
2,21
1,28
1997
2,06
1,23
1998
2,09
1,24
1999
2,09
1,17
2000
2,14
1,21

Analyze the data in the following table, draw conclusions about the current trend and its impact on the demographic situation.

Are the following statements about social behavior true? a) social behavior is manifested in purposeful activity in relation to other people

b) social behavior is based on patterns accepted in society, which include morals and customs. What is true?

1. Insert the missing word: “When *** is able to explain the entire range of phenomena for the analysis of which it is proposed, it has outgrown

goes into theory."

1) problem; 3) abstraction;

2) hypothesis; 4) science.

2. The sociological service of the city of N. conducted a survey among students: “Patriotic sentiments of the city’s student youth.” The survey results are presented in the table.

Answer options

Number of respondents (%)

They consider Russia a powerful power

Ready to serve in the army

Would like to move to another country for permanent residence

Interested in political events in the country and participate in elections

Feel proud of their people

Analyze the table data. Select from the list below an erroneous conclusion that is not supported by the information presented in the table.

1) Every third respondent is ready to serve in the army and defend the Motherland.

2) A quarter of respondents are interested in the political life of the country and participate in elections.

3) Every fifth person feels a sense of pride in their people.

4) Almost half of the respondents would like to go abroad for permanent residence.

3. Which of the following statements is scientific?

1) Planet Mars gives people great organizational abilities.

2) A person’s life depends on which zodiac sign was ascendant at the time of birth.

3) Planet Venus gives people a love of art and creativity.

4) There is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.

4. The hairdressing salon “Charm” was created by N. and M. Its authorized capital consists of two shares, the sizes of which are fixed in the memorandum of association and charter.

A. “Sharm” is an example of private individual entrepreneurship.

B. Hairdressing salon "Sharm" is an open joint-stock company that owns property by right of ownership.

5. The common characteristic of both scientific and religious knowledge is that they:

1) are objective in nature;

2) assume evidence;

3) can be passed on from generation to generation;

4) are necessary for a person for production activities.

6. The value expression of the total volume of goods and services created within the country produced during the year is called:\

1) gross domestic product;

2) added value;

3) investments;

4) aggregate demand.

7. Relative truth differs from absolute truth in that

1) contains objective knowledge about the subject;

2) creates an ideal model for explaining the world;

3) over time may become outdated and lose its meaning;

4) is the result of sensory and rational knowledge.

8. The family as a social institution performs the following functions:

a) reproductive;

b) leisure;

c) educational;

d) socialization;

d) erotic.

9. Which judgment is correct?

A. Only through activity is it possible to develop inclinations to the level of abilities.

B. Common intellectual characteristics include increased flexibility of joints, acute hearing, and a clear voice.

1) only A is true; 3) both judgments are correct;

2) only B is true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.

10. To what area of ​​public life does scientific research of the ocean floor relate to the construction of a permanent base there in the future?

1) political; 3) social;

2) economic; 4) spiritual;

11. If the population grows at a rate of 4% per year, and production grows at a rate of 8.5% per year, then the standard of living of citizens will most likely...

1) will remain unchanged;

2) will decrease;

3) will increase;

4) will first increase and then decrease.

12. Which judgment is correct?

A. A person’s needs determine the volume, purpose and quality of his activity.

B. Ideal needs include the need for security and stability.

1) only A is true; 3) both judgments are correct;

2) only B is true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.

13. What type of family predominates in industrial society?

a) extended family,

b) small family,

c) large family,

d) nuclear family,

e) temporary unregistered marriage.

14. The life-practical level of worldview includes:

1) creation of a philosophical system of views on the world;

2) the formation of an intellectual attitude towards the world;

3) raising children in a family;

4) formation of worldview.

15. Which of the following indicators characterizes the effective use of labor resources in a market economy?

1) 100% employment of the population; Analyze the following statement by the prominent German social democrat K. Kautsky: “The task of science is not at all to give a simple

a picture of what is, a true photograph of reality so that every normally organized observer can obtain the same picture. The task of science, on the contrary, is to find the universal, essential in the infinite mass of persons and phenomena and thus provide Ariadne’s thread, with the help of which one could navigate the labyrinth of reality." Do you think this statement has anything to do with worldview? Give reasons for your conclusion.