Культура и традиции англоязычных стран. Презентация на тему:"Обычаи и традиции англо-говорящих стран"

Оглавление

Введение

USA

Independence Day

Sport

Halloween

Thanksgiving

Christmas

Valentine’s Day

England

Ways of Everyday Live

Everything is Other Way Round

Lunch at 1 o’clock

English Sunday

English Tea

Fireplaces

Pubs

English Habits of Politeness

Manners in Public

British Institutes

Education in Britain

Cambridge

Transport in Britain

British Literature

Sports in Great Britain

Заключение

Введение

Объектом исследования моей работы являются обычаи и традиции англо-говорящих стран. И я хочу сказать, что жизнь этих стран полна традиций и кажется, весьма разумные; другие - любопытны, иногда забавны, иногда существуют лишь для привлечения туристов. Многие традиции появились очень

давно и прошли многие столетия, другие – появились сравнительно недавно. Но

некоторые из них давно пережили себя и стали обременительными и остаются лишь из-за известного английского консерватизма. Есть много традиций, связанных с историческими событиями, Парламентом, судом, университетской жизнью, а также традиции и обычаи, появляющиеся в каждодневной жизни.

Приблизительно одна треть населения земного шара разговаривают на английском языке. Для некоторых он является родным, другим – в силу исторически сложившихся обстоятельств стал вторым после родного. В странах, куда английский язык был привнесен, он искажается и трансформируется с учетом новых для него “условий жизни”, “приспосабливается” к местным обычаям и традициям, принимая различные диалектные формы.

Похожее случилось и с исконно английскими традициями. В разных местностях они приобретали собственное толкование и постепенно видоизменялись и даже до такой степени, что при сравнении вряд ли возможно найти схожие черты у старой английской традиции и у преобразовавшейся.

Цель моей работы – изучить обобщенный опыт жизни и традиций англо говорящих стран. Для людей, которые собираются путешествовать по миру особенно важно знать язык, обычаи, традиции той страны, которую они собираются посетить. Невозможно, например, приехать в Шотландию и смеяться над их национальной одеждой - клетчатыми юбками; или, например, удивляться тому, что Королева Великобритании начинает свой день с завтрака – овсяной - и это уже давно сложившийся для нее обычай. Для того чтобы избежать такой ситуации, перед тем как ехать в какую-либо страну необходимо ознакомиться хотя бы с общепринятыми обычаями этой страны.

Одной из главных традиций большинства государств мира является празднование своего национального праздника. Во Франции это День взятия Бастилии, в США – День независимости, в Германии два национальных праздника– День освобождения и День республики. В нашей стране – День суверенитета.

А как обстоят дела с национальными праздниками в Великобритании? Будучи

островным государством, Британия долгое время оказывала влияние на политическое и социально-экономическое развитие других государств. Проводя гибкую политику, Британия сумела принимать участие в большинстве международных военных конфликтах, не допустив военных действий на своей территории. Все это способствовало развитию высокому уровню жизни и благосостоянию английского народа. Англичане не ощущали особой потребности в национальном самоутверждении и в специальном дне для ликования по поводу, что они – британцы. Народ Соединенного Королевства не испытывал нужды каждый год напоминать себе и другим, что, например, британский парламент, возраст которого перевалил за семь столетий, становится еще на год старше или что тред-юнионы - самые старые профсоюзы в мире. Правда, в последние годы существования Британской империи был введен День империи, но отмечался он недолго, а выходным был лишь для школьников и учителей. В 1958 году его заменил День Содружества, который с 1966 года отмечается в июне как официальный день рождения монарха. Англичане рассуждают примерно так: «Мы уже достаточно веско заявили миру о себе, чтобы не повторяться теперь ежегодно». Но национальный праздник все-таки необходим для официальных целей – так, за границей послам полагается устраивать приемы в честь дня своей страны, они выступают по телевидению той страны, где представляют свою родину и т. д.

Национальным праздником Соединенного Королевства является день рождения монарха, о котором уже было сказано. А сейчас я хочу остановиться на том особенном, что характерно для некоторых англо-говорящих стран.

“Do you speak English?” with this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different languages and want to find a common language. It’s very good when you hear: “Yes I do”, and start talking. People of different countries and nations have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with each other. So it is very useful to learn foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people. English is very popular now. It’s the language of computers, science, business, sport and politics. It is official language of United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia. There are more than 1 billion speakers of English of the World.

Speaking a foreign language you are read papers, magazines, and original books by great writers, watch satellite TV Programs. If you like traveling you can go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you. English is very important to find a good job.

USA

Independence Day

On July 4 the Americans celebrate their national holiday-independence Day. The United States gained independence as a result of gradual and painful process. By the mid 1700’s it became difficult for thirteen British colonies in the New World to be ruled by a kind 3000 miles across the. The British Empire imposed high taxes upon the colonies.

In 1774, the First Continental Congress drew up a list of grievances against the British crown. This document was the first draft of the document that would formally separate colonies from England. In 1755, the Revolutionary War began. On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress presented a second draft of the list of grievances. On July 4 the Continental Congress approved the declaration of Independence. But the War of independence lasted until 1783. After the war Independence Day became an official holiday.

On July 4, Americans have holiday from work. People have day-long picnic with favorite foods like hot dog, hamburgers, potato salad, baked beans. Lively music is heard everywhere. People play baseball or compete three-legged races or pie-eating or water-melon-eating contests. Some cities have parades with people dressed as the original founding fathers who march to the music of high school bands. In the evening people gather to watch firework displays. Wherever Americans are around the globe they will get together to celebrate Independence Day.

Sport

Americans’ interest in sport seems excessive to many foreign visitors. Television networks spend millions of dollars arranging to telecast sport events. Publications about sports sell widely. In the US professional athletes can became national heroes.

Sports are associated with educational institutions in a way is unique. High schools have coaches as faculty members, and school teams compete with each other.

Nowhere else in the world are sports associated with colleges and universities in the way they are in the States. College sports, especially football, are conducted in an atmosphere of intense excitement and pageantry. Games between teams attract nationwide television audiences

The sport that is most popular in most of the world-soccer-is not well known in the US. The most popular sports are football and baseball, games that are not played in large number of countries.

Spots play such an important role in American life that the sociology of sport, sport medicine, and sport psychology have become respectable specializations.

Many Americans jog every day, or play tennis or bridge two or three times a week. They go on ski trips and hunting expeditions that require weeks of planning and organizing. In Americans’ view, all these activities are worth the discomfort they may cause because they contribute to health and physical fitness. That is probably why Americans are known as a healthy nation.

Americans are very fond of sport. The most popular sports in USA are football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey.

American football derives from the English game of rugby. It started at Harvard University in the1870’s. It is a game for two teams of eleven men on field. The object of the game is to have control of the ball and to score points by carrying it across the goal-line.

Baseball is a team game derived from the English game of cricket. It is played with a bat and ball by two teams of nine players each, on a field with four bases. Baseball is the national game in the USA and it is very popular in Canada too.

Basketball is a game which nowadays is popular all over the world. It was invented in 1891. During the ‘20s the first US league championship was organized. In the ‘70s the American Championship was divided into two leagues: the ABA (American Basketball Association), which does not exist any longer and which played with a blue, red and white ball and NBA (National Basketball Association).

The NBA is a professional league which still plays.

There are more activities which Americans take part in such as golf, swimming, tennis, aerobics, wrestling, etc.

Halloween

Halloween is a festival that takes place on October 31. In the us children wear costumes and masks and go trick-or-treating. Many of them carve jack-o’-lantens out of pumpkins. Fortunetelling and storytelling about ghosts and witches are popular activities.

Halloween developed from new year festivals and festivals of the dead. Christian church established a festival on November 1 called All Saints’ Day so that people could continue to celebrate their festivals. The Mass said on All Saints’ Day was called Allhallowmass. The day before All Saints Day was known all hallows Eve or Halloween.

The main Halloween activity for children is trick-or-treating. Children dress in costumes and masks and go from door to door saying “trick or treat”. The neighbors give children such treats as candy, fruit and pennies so that children do not play tricks on them.

Jack-o’-lanterns are hallowed-out pumpkins with face carved into one side. Most jack-o-lanterns contain a cantle inside. An Irish legend says that jack-o’-lanterns are named after the man called jack. He could not enter heaven because he was a miser, and he could not enter hell because he had played jokes on devil. As a result, Jack has to walk on the earth with his lantern until Judgment Day.

Fortunetelling an important part of Halloween. For example, a coin, a ring, and thimble were baked into a cake. It was believed that the person who found the ring would marry soon. And the person who found the thimble would never get married. Today people practice cardreading or palmistry.

People once believed that there were many ghosts and witches on the Earth and that they met on October 31 to worship the devil. Today, people do not believe in ghosts and witches but they like to tell stories about them on Halloween.

Thanksgiving

Almost in every culture in the world there is a celebration of thanks for rich harvest. The American Thanksgiving began as a feast of thanksgiving almost four hundred years ago.

In 1620, a religious community sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the New World. They settled in what is now known as the state of Massachusettes. Their first winter in America was difficult. They arrived too late to grow a rich harvest. Moreover, half the colony died from disease. The following spring the Iroquois Indians taught them how to grow corn. Indians showed them also how to grow other crops and how to hunt and fish.

In the autumn of 1621 they got a beautiful harvest of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins. The colonists had much to be thankful for, so they planned a feast. Local Indian chief and ninety Indians were present. The colonists learned from Indians how to cook cranberries and dishes of corn and pumpkins.

In following years many of the colonists celebrated the harvest with a feast of thanks. After the United States gained independence, Congress recommended one yearly day of thanksgiving for the whole country. Later George Washington suggested the date November 26 as Thanksgiving Day. Than, after the civil war, Abraham Lincoln suggested the last Thursday in November to be the day of thanksgiving.

On Thanksgiving Day, family members gather at the house of an older relative, even if they far away. All give thanks for everything good they have. Charitable organizations offer traditional meal to homeless.

Foods, eaten at the first thanksgiving, have become traditional. The traditional thanksgiving meal consists of roast turkey stuffed with herb- flavored bread, cranberry jelly, mashed potatoes, pumpkin pie. Other dishes may vary as to region: ham, sweet potatoes, creamed corn.

Christmas

Christmas is Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. For millions of Christmas throughout the world it is the happiest and the busiest time of the year. No one knows the exact date of Christ’s birth but most Christians celebrate Christmas on December 25. The world Christmas comes from Christes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ.

People of different countries celebrate Christmas in various ways. People in the United States and Canada decorate their homes with Christmas trees, wreaths and ornaments. City streets are filled with colored lights; the sound of bells and Christmas carols can be heard everywhere.

Children write letters to Santa Claus and tell him what presents they would like to get. Many department stores hire people to a Santa Claus costume and listen to children’s requests. People send Christmas cards to relatives and friends. Many companies give presents to their employees.

A Christmas tree is one of the main symbols of Christmas in most homes. Relatives and friends may join in trimming the tree with lights, tinsel, and colorful ornaments. Presents are placed under the tree. On Christmas Eve or Christmas morning, families open their presents. Many children believe that Santa Claus arrives on Christmas Eve in a sleigh pulled by reindeer and brings present. Some children hang up stockings so Santa Claus can fill them with candy, fruits and other small gifts.

In many parts of the United States and Canada groups of people walk from house to house and sing Christmas carols. Some people give singers money or small gifts or invite them for a warm drink. Many people attend church services on Christmas Eve or Christmas morning. They listen to readings from Bible and singing Christmas carols.

A traditional Christmas dinner consist of stuffed turkey, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce a variety of other dishes. Some families have ham or roast goose instead of turkey. Pumpkin pie, plum pudding, and fruitcake are favorite desserts.

Valentine’s Day

There are several legends about St. Valentine’s Day. One of the legends says that Valentine was Christian pries who lived in the 3 century A.D. he was put into prison by roman authorities for his teachings and was beheaded on February cured his jailer’s daughter of her blindness. Before the execution he wrote her a letter signed “From Your Valentine”. Another legend says that the same Valentine wrote to children and friends who loved him from the jail.

According to another legend, Valentine was an Italian bishop who lived at about the same time. He was thrown into prison because he secretly married couples, contrary to the laws of the Roman Empire. The legend says that he was burnt at the stake.

February 14 was also a Roman holiday. On this day young men randomly chose the name of the girl to escort to the festival. The custom of choosing a sweetheart on this day became very popular in the medieval Europe. Later this custom spread to American colonies.

Now, St. Valentine’s Day is the day of sweethearts. On this day, people show their friends relatives and loved ones that they care. People send candy of flowers to those whom they love. Most people send “valentines”, greeting cards named after St. Valentine’s letters written from jail.

Valentines can be sentimental and romantic, or funny and friendly.

Valentines can be anonymous. Valentines can be heard-shaped or can carry hearts on them. People buy valentines or make them themselves.

England

England is the largest and the richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.

Stonehenge is a one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in South-west England. It measures 30 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England.

Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning “fortified camp”. In Chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was build during the reign of Henry 8 and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford.

Cambridge is the capital of Britain’s second oldest university.

York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was build by Romans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the Vikings. Birmingham is often called the “City of 1500 trades” because of the great variety of its industries.

Ways of Everyday Live

Very often when speaking of English traditions we think first of some curious theatrical ceremonies of the court* or parliament procedure. There come to our mind the medieval uniforms of the guards, the solemn cloaks and wigs of the judges or the top hats (bowlers) and the invariable umbrellas of the clerks of the London City.

But the word “tradition” does not mean only that. First and foremost “tradition” is the generally accepted made or way of living, acting, behaving of just doing things. There are many very good traditions of this kind in the everyday life of the English.

Everything is the Other Way Round

In England everything is the other way round. On Sunday on the Continent even the poorest person puts on his best suit, tries to look respectable, and at the same time the life of the country becomes gay and cheerful; in England even the richest peer or motor-car manufacturer dresses in some peculiar rags, does not shave, and the country becomes dull and dreary.

On the Continent there is one topic, which should be avoided – the weather; in England, if you do not repeat the phrase “Lovely day, isn’t it?” at least two hundred times a day, you are considered a bit dull. On the Continent Sunday papers appear on Monday; in England – a country of exotic oddities – they appear on Sunday.

On a continental bus approaching a request stop the conductor rings the bell if he wants his bus to go on without stopping; in England you ring the bell if you want the bus to stop. On the Continent people have good food; in England people have good table manners.

On the Continent public orators try to learn to speak fluently and smoothly; in England they take a special course in Oxonian stuttering.

On the Continent learned person love to quote Aristotle, Horace, Montaigne and show off their knowledge; in England only uneducated people show off their knowledge, nobody quotes Latin or Greek authors in the course of a conversation, unless he has never read them.

Continental people are sensitive and touchy; the English take everything with an exquisite sense of humour – they are only offended if you tell them that they have no sense of humour.

People on the Continent either tell you the truth or lie; in England they hardly ever lie, but they would not – dream of telling you the truth.

Many continentals think life is a game; the English think cricket is a game.

Lunch at 1 o’clock

Many foreigners are sometimes taken aback when they are faced with this typically English custom for the first time.

Whatever one is doing, no matter how important it is, or seems to be – a parliamentary debate or any kind of business routine – as soon as the clock strikes one everybody breaks for lunch.

The time from one to two o’clock is a “sacred” hour in England. And it appears to be not only good for health – having meals at regular times is certainly healthy – but it is very convenient socially as well. Everybody knows that there is no use trying to get in touch with some official, business executive or firm representative at this time. They won’t be in. it is no use no waste your time going from one shop to another at one o’clock sharp they will open. For punctuality is also one of the English

traditions.

English Sunday

The so called Sunday Observance laws* prohibiting all kind of public entertainment on Sunday date back to the 17-18 century. The idea was to encourage people to go church and not to allow them “to profane the Lord’s Day” by amusing themselves.

Three hundred years have passed since then. Church services are attended by fewer people now than some decades ago. But the old custom of having a quiet Sunday is still alive. This is another English tradition preserved by law.

On Sunday you may visit a museum or go to a concert but all shops, theatres, dance and music halls are closed. This is rather illogical when compared with the unrestricted variety programmes on radio and television or the fact that one can always go to the bingo-club to enjoy himself or to the cinema to see a “thriller” or the latest American “hit”.

Pubs* and restaurants are open only from 12 to 2, and from 5 to 10 p.m. The police are very strict and do not hesitate to withdraw the licence from the proprietors who disregard closing time.

English Tea

The trouble with the tea is that originally is was quite a good drink. So a group of the most eminent British scientists put their heads together, and made complicated biological experiments to find a way of spoiling it. To eternal glory of British science their labour bore fruit. They suggested that if you do not drink it clear, or with lemon or rum and sugar, but pour a few drops of cold milk into it, and no sugar at all, the desired object is achieved. Once this refreshing, aromatic, oriental beverage was successfully transformed into colorless and tasteless gargling-water, it suddenly became the national drink of Great Britain and Ireland – still retaining, indeed usurping, the high-sounding title of tea.

There are some occasions when you must not refuse a cup of tea, otherwise you are judged an exotic and barbarous bird without any hope of ever being able to take your place in civilized society.

If you are invited to an English home, at five o’clock in the morning you get a cup of tea. It is either brought in by a heartily smiling hostes or an almost malevolently silent maid. When you are disturbed in your sweetest morning sleep you must not say: “Madame (or Mabel), I think you are a cruel, spiteful and malignant person who deserved to be shot.” On the contrary, you have to declare with your best five o’clock smile: “Thank you so much. I do adore a cup of early morning tea, especially early in the morning.” If they live you alone with the liquid, you may pour it down the

washbasin.

Than you have tea for breakfast; then you have tea at eleven o’clock in the morning; then after lunch; then you have tea for tea; then for supper; and again at eleven o’clock at night. You mast not refuse any additional cups of tea under the following circumstances: is it is hot; if it is cold; if you are tired; if anybody thinks that you might be tired; if you are nervous; if you are gay; before you go out; if you have just returned home; if you feel like it; if you do not feel like it; if you have had no tea for some time; if you have just had a cup…

Fireplaces

In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural center of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year prefer to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames.

In the Middle Ages the fireplaces in the halls of large castles were very wide. Only wood was burnt, and large logs were carted in from the forests, and supported as they burnt, on metal bars. Such wide fireplaces may still be seen in old inns, and in some of them there are even seats inside the fireplace.

Elizabethan fireplaces often had carved stone or woodwork over the fireplace, reaching to the ceiling. There were sometimes columns on each side of the fireplace. In the 18th century, place was often provided over the fireplace for a painting or mirror.

When coal fires became common, fireplaces became much smaller. Grates were used to hold the coal. Above the fireplace there was usually a shelf on which there was often a clock, and perhaps framed photographs.

Pubs

Do you know what a pub is? The Oxford Advanced Learner"s Dictionary defines it as a public house or building where people go to drink and to meet their friends. English men like to get together in the pub in the evening. The usual opening hours for pubs are on weekends from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. On Sundays pubs may remain open for not more than 5 and a half hours.

Pubs usually have two drinking rooms called bars - the public and the saloon bar, which is more comfortable but more expensive. "Bar" also means the counter at which drinks are served.

Pubs serve alcoholic and other drinks and often light meals. The main drink served in pubs, is, of course, beer, light or dark. Light beer is usually called bitter. As for other kinds of alcohol, most pubs serve whisky, gin and wine. Beer is always sold in pint or half-pint glasses. A pint is equivalent to 0.57 liter No alcoholic drinks may be served to young people under eighteen under British law.

In Great Britain today there are some 80,000 pubs situated in different cities, country towns, villages, and so on. Of London"s 5.000 pubs some of the most interesting are right by the River Thames, downstream as well as up. Every English pub has its own sign and name. Some people refer to pub signs as a great open-air portrait gallery, which covers the whole country. But actually this gallery includes far more than portraits.

Some pub signs present different types of transport such as coaches, trams, ships, airplanes and even flying boards. There are signboards depicting animals, birds, fish as well as kings and queens, dukes and lords, sailors, soldiers, fat men and giants. A first class example of an heraldic pub sign is found near Leeds in

Yorkshire at Burley. The Butcher"s Arms can be seen in Gloucestershire on a small typical English country pub near Sheepscombe.

At Cheltenham also in the same county you will see a sign showing the head of a horse, the name of the pub being Nags Head. At the village of Slad, also in Gloucestershire you can have a pint of lager in Woolpack and this pub sign shows a horse with two heavy packs of wool slung over it.

In Wales the most attractive sign in a number of pubs share the name of Market Tavern because all of them are on the pubs adjoining the market place.

In London the famous Sherlock Holmes pub with the big portrait of the famous detective smoking his favourite pipe attracts thousands of visitors Northumberland Avenue.

History, geography, fairytales are kept alive by the name or sign of the "local" (the neighbourhood pub). As history is being made, so the owners of the pubs - usually the brewery companies - and individual publicans are quick to record it by new signs. Typical example is the "Sir Francis Chichester" named after the first man to sail alone around the world.

Not all British pubs have individual signboards, but a considerable effort is being made now to retain old signs. Jerome K. Jerome, the creator of the internationally known book "Three Men In a Boat" over a hundred years ago revealed himself at probably his most authoritative intro matter or pubs. He clearly was a pub man and you can consider his famous book not only a guidebook to the Thames but as the first of those now familiar surveys of recommended places where to sleep, eat and enjoy beer. But in many pubs one can also enjoy some traditional pub games. There are darts, cards, skittles, coin games and various table games, of which playing darts is the oldest one.

Some of these games are difficult to find, as pubs have updated their amenities by offering TV and video games, such as two-men tennis, fruit machines, pinball machines, and so on. There are also other pub entertainments, such as piano playing, folk-singing, jazz performances and even theatres. However, if such table games as billiards or table football which are played with two or four players as well as cards, dominoes and coin games are known in this country, skittles and darts are less familiar.

Skittles is one of the oldest pub games and dates back to medieval England, the object of the game being to knock down as many skittles as possible with a wooden ball. This pub game has lots of variations all over Britain. Darts is also an old game, " which was played by the Pilgrims in 1620 when they sailed, from England to the New World. That is why it is well known in the USA, too. To play this game one must first of all have a standard dartboard with numbers marked on it to indicate score. The outer ring counts double, the middle one treble while at the very centre is the bull (50) with its own outer circle (25). Dart players should stand at least eight feet away from the board. The aim of the game is to score as quickly as possible with the least number, of throws. The actual score a player must get depends on the variety of game he is playing. Many pubs in Great Britain have their own darts teams. So, if you come to Britain drop in a pub, enjoy a pint of bitter and a "tongue sandwich, which speaks for itself”.

It sounds funny to foreigners but when it is closing time, the pub barman calls "Time!" or "Time, gentlemen, pleaser!”

English Habits of Politeness

English people do not readily ask each other to do anything, they prefer to wait for a service to be offered before asking for it. If they do ask, then they say something like “I don’t really like asking you, but…”

It is considered polite to give up one’s seat a woman who is standing, to open door for her, carry things for her, and so on.

Manners in Public

Our manners in public, like our manners in our homes, are based on self- respect and consideration for other people.

It is really surprising how stingy we are with our “Please” when we ask anyone to do something for us. We unwillingly part with our “Thank you”, as

it were the most difficult and costly thing in the world. We don’t stand aside for others to pass us in the trams, buses or the underground. We don’t rice to let people pass us to their seats in the theatres or movies.

1.Not to make yourself conspicuous, not to attract unfavourable attention to yourself or others, here are some of the rules for correct behaviour in a public place.

2.Not to be conspicuous, don’t wear conspicuous clothes.

3.One should not talk loud or laugh loud.

4.No matter how trying the circumstance, do not give way to anger or uncontrolled emotion.

5.Never eat anything in the street, or in a public place (restaurants, buffets and cafes excluded).

6.Do not rudely push your way through crowds.

7.Never stare at people or point at them.

8.Do not ridicule or comment on anyone in public.

9.Reserve “affectionate demonstration” (kissing, embracing, etc.) for appropriate places.

10.Don’t monopolise the sidewalk, by walking 3 or 4 abreast, or by stopping in the centre to speak with someone.

11. When in the street keep to the right.

British institutes

Parliament is the most important authority in Britain. Parliament first met in the 13th century. Britain does not have a written constitution, but a set of laws. In 1689 Mary II and William III became the first constitution monarchs. They could rule only with the support of the Parliament. Technically Parliament is made up of three parts: the Monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

The continuity of the English monarchy has been interrupted only once during the Cromwell republic. Succession to the throne is hereditary but only for Protestants in the direct line of descent. Formally the monarch has a number of roles. The monarch is expected to be politically neutral, and should not make political decisions. Nevertheless, the monarch still performs some important executive and legislative duties including opening and dissolving Parliament, singing bills passed by both Houses and fulfilling international duties as head of state. The present sovereign is

Queen Elizabeth II who was crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1953.

The House of Lords comprises about 1,200 peers. The house is presided over by the Lord Chancellor. The House of Lords has no real power but acts as an advisory council for the House of Commons. As well as having legislative functions, the Lords is the highest court of appeal.

The House of Commons consist of members of Parliament who are elected by the adult suffrage of the British people in general elections which are held at least every five years. The country is divided into 650 constituencies each of which elects one Member of Parliament. The Commons therefore, has 650 Members of Parliament. The party which wins the most seats forms the Government and its leader becomes the Prime Minister. The functions of Commons are registration and security of government activities. The house is presided over by the Speaker. The government party sits on the Speaker’s right while on his left sit the members of the Opposition.

Education in Britain

In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school. School in compulsory till the children are 16 years old.

In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Than children go to Secondary School.

When students are 16 years old they may take an exam in various subjects on order to have a qualification. These qualifications can be either G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of Secondary education) or “O level” (ordinary level). After that students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before. If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations which are necessary for getting into university or college.

Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.

In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor’s degree and the Master’s degree.

Cambridge

Cambridge is situated at a distance of 70 miles from London; the greater part of the town lies on the left bank of the river Cam crossed by several bridges.

Cambridge is one of the loveliest towns of England. It is very green presenting to a visitor a series of beautiful groupings of architecture, trees, gardens, lawns and bridges. The main building material is stone having a pinkish color which adds life and warms to the picture at all seasons of the year.

The dominating factor in Cambridge is University, a center of education and learning. Newton, Byron, Darwin, Rutherford and many other scientists and writers were educated at Cambridge. In Cambridge everything centers on the university and its Colleges, the eldest of which was founded in 1284. They are 27 in number. The college is a group of buildings forming a square with a green lawn in the center. An old tradition does not allow the students to walk on the grass, this is the privilege of professors and head- students only. There is another tradition which the students are to follow: after sunset they are not allowed to go out without wearing a black cap and

a black cloak.

The University trains about 7.000 students. They study for 4 years, 3 teams a year. The long vacation lasts 3 months. They are trained by a tutor; each tutor has 10-12 students reading under his guidance. There is a close connection between the University and colleges, through they era separate in theory and practice.

A college is a place where you live no matter what profession you are trained for; so that students studying literature and those trained for physics belong to one and the same college. However the fact is that you are to be a member of a college in order to be a member of the University.

The students eat their meals in the college dining-hall. At some colleges there is a curious custom known as “sooncing”. If a should come late to dinner or not be correctly dressed or if he should break one of the little unwritten laws of behaviour, then the senior student present may order him to be “soonced”. The Butler brings in a large silver cup, known as “sconce cup”, filled with offender, who must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from his lips. (It holds two and half pints). If he

succeeds then the senior student pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round the table at the expense of the student who has been “sconced”. Now the origin of this custom.

Until 1954, undergraduates (students studying for the first degree) had to wear cloaks, called gowns, after dark, but now they are only obliged to wear them for dinner and some lectures. This tradition is disappearing, but one which is still upheld is that of punting on the Cam. It is a favorite summer pastime for students to take food, drink, guitars (or, alas, transistor radios) and girl friends on to a punt (a long, slim boat, rather like a gondola) and sail down the rive, trying very hard to forget

about exams. Many students feel that they have not been christened into the University until they have fallen into the River Cam. This has almost become a tourist attraction.

Students also have an official excuse to “let themselves loose” once a year (usually in November) on Rag Day*.

On this day, hundreds of different schemes are thought up to collect money for charity, and it is not unusual to see students in the streets playing guitars, pianos, violins, singing, dancing, eating fire, fishing in drains for money, or even just lying in beds suspended over the street swinging a bucket for money to be thrown into.

On May 21st every year, Eton College and King’s College, Cambridge, honour the memory of their founder, Henry VI, who died very suddenly, and was almost certainly murdered, in the Tower of London on that day in 1471. he is generally supposed to have been killed whilst at prayer in the Oratory of the Wakefield Tower, and here, on the anniversary, the Ceremony of the lilies and Roses now takes place. Representatives of both colleges walk in procession with Beefeaters and the Chaplain of the Tower, and the short service is conducted by the latter, during which a player composed by Henry himself is said. A marble tablet in the in the Oratory marks the

place where the King is believed to have died, and on each side of it flowers are laid - lilies from Eton bound with pale blue silk, and white roses from King’s College, bound with purple ribbon. They are left there for twenty-four hours, and then they are burnt.

Transport in Britain

You can reach England either by plane, by train, by car or by ship. The fastest way is by plane. London has three international airports: Heathrow, largest, connected to the city by underground; Gatwick, south of London, with a frequent train service; Luton, the smallest, used for charter flights.

If you go to England by train or by car you have to cross the Channel. There is a frequent service of steamers and ferry-boats which connect the continent to the south-east of England.

People in Britain drive on the left and generally overtake on right. The speed limit is 0 miles per hour (50km/h) in towns and cities and 70 mph (110 km/h) on motorways.

When you are in London you can choose from different means of transport: bus, train, underground or taxi. The typical bus in London is a red double-decker. The first London bus started running between "> The next to arrive were the trains; now there are twelve railway stations in London. The world’s first underground line was opened between Baker St. and the City in 1863. Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape of its deep tunnels.

British Literature

Great Britain gave the world a lot of talented people. Many famous writers and poets were born in Great Britain.

Robert Burns represents the generation of Romantic writers. In his poems he described with love and understanding the simple life he knew.

Among his well-known poems are Halloween, The Jolly Beggars, To a Mouse.

George Gordon Lord Byron. His free-spirited lie style combined with his poetic gift makes him one of the most famous figures of the Romantic Era. His famous works such as Stanzas to Augusta, The Prisoner of Chillon, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Manfred draw readers into the passion, humors and conviction of a poet whose life and work truly embodied the Romantic spirit.

Sir Walter Scott wrote the first examples of historical novel; Lewis Carroll became famous when he published Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.

Places of Interest in Great Britain

Britain is rich in its historic places which link the present with the past.

The oldest part of London is Lud Hill, where the city was originated. About a mile west of it there is Westminster Palace, where the king lived and the Parliament met, and there is also Westminster Abbey, the coronation church.

Liverpool, the “city of ships”, is England’s second greatest port ranking after London. The most interesting sight in the Liverpool is the docks. They occupy a river frontage of seven miles. The University of Liverpool, established in 1903, is noted for its school of Tropical Medicine. And in the music world Liverpool is a well-known name, for it’s the town of “The Beatles”.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument, presumably build by Druids, members of an order of priests in ancient Britain. Tintagel Castle is King reputed birthplace. Canterbury is the seat of the Archbishop o Canterbury, head of the Church of England.

The British Museum is the largest and riches museum in the world. It founded in 1753 and contains one of the world’s richest collections of antiquities. The Egyptian Galleries contain human and animal mummies. Some parts of Athens’ Parthenon are in the Greek section.

Madam Tussaud’s Museum is an exhibition of hundreds of life-size wax models of famous people of yesterday and today. The collection was started by Madam Tussaud, a French modeler in wax, in the 18 century. Here you can meet Marilyn Monroe, Elton John, Picasso, the Royal family, the Beatles and many others: writers, movie stars, singers, politicians, sportsmen, etc.

Sports in Great Britain

British people are very fond of sports. Sport is a part of their normal life. The two most popular games are football and cricket.

Football, also called soccer, is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own Football Leagues and national teams. Games are played on Saturday afternoons from August to April. In addition to the FL games there is a competition called the Football Associations Cup. The Cup Final is played at Wembley Stadium(London) in May.

Cricket is considered to be the English National game. Its rules are very complicated. Two teams of eleven men each play it, the player at a time tries to hit ball with a bat.

Golf is the Scottish national game. It originated in the XV century and the most famous golf course in the world, known as a Royal and Ancient Club, is at St. Andrew’s.

Lawn tennis was first played in Britain in the late 19th century. The most famous British championship is Wimbledon, played annually during the last week of June and the fist week of July.

Those are the most popular kinds of sport in the UK. But there are many other sports such as rugby, golf, swimming, horse-racing and the traditional fox-hunting.

Заключение

В заключение своей работы хочу отметить, что в англо-говорящих странах имеют место интересные и разнообразные традиции и обычаи. Несмотря на то, что традиции попали из других странах в иные “условия жизни”, обусловленные местными особенностями, тем не менее своими корнями они уходят в далекое противоречивое прошлое Великобритании.

Поражает то, что на протяжении многих веков, они смогли сохраниться, выжить и остаться актуальными в современном мире высоких технологий. Эти обычаи и традиции и сейчас современны, продолжают существовать в англо-говорящих странах, чем и привлекают людей, интересующихся историей и развитием этих стран.

Изучение традиций англо-говорящих стран помогает глубже понять и воспринять условия жизни людей, их социальный статус, историю страны или

отдельных ее регионов.

Список используемой литературы

1. Кощеева Н . Е . English Reader Part II. English National Traditions М . 1972.

2. Пинягин Ю.Н. Великобритания: история, культура, образ жизни – Пермь: Изд-во Перм. Ун-та, 1996. – 296.

3. Сатинова В.М. Читаем и говорим о Британии и британцах. Мн.: Выш. шк., 1997. – 255с.

4. Традиции, обычаи и привычки. М.: ИНФРА-М, 2001. – 127с.

разработка содержит материал, касающийся традиций и обычаев Соединённого Королевства.

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«методичка ТРАДИЦИИ И ОБЫЧАИ АНГЛОГОВОРЯЩИХ СТРАН»

Разработка открытого урока

на тему: «Традиции и обычаи англоговорящих стран»

Цели урока:

Практические:

· развитие умения аудировать;

· активизация лексики по теме;

· развитие говорения (умения сообщать, объяснять, рассказывать);

· развитие навыков самостоятельной работы и работы в команде.

Образовательные:

· приобретение знаний об истории, традициях и обычаях англоговорящих стран;

Воспитательные:

· воспитание положительного отношения к культуре народа изучаемого языка;

Развивающие:

· развитие творческих способностей учащихся;

· развитие умения общаться, а также таких черт характера как

трудолюбие, целеустремленность, активность.

Учебно-методические задачи.

- Общеобразовательные:

Привлечение учащихся к активной творческой деятельности; -формирование коммуникативного поведения;

активизация навыков и умений в аудировании, говорении, письме; - расширение знаний страноведческого характера.

Развивающие:

- развитие памяти, внимания, логического мышления;

Развитие способности к догадке;

Воспитательные:

Обучать навыкам взаимопонимания;

Формировать чувство ответственности при работе в команде; толерантного отношения друг к другу

Активизировать интерес к изучению английского языка;

Привлечь учащихся к активной творческой деятельности.

1.Организационный момент. Этап введения учащихся в урок.

Good morning, pupils! The theme of our lesson today is traditions and customs of English-speaking countries. We are going to discuss such holidays celebrating in Great Britain as the Bonfire Night, Christmas and New Year and the May Day. But, firstly, I would like to tell you about celebrations in Britain in the whole.

2. Преподаватель рассказывает на английском языке общую информацию о праздниках и традициях Великобритании. Рассказ сопровождается презентацией.

3. Первый учащийся выходит и рассказывает о празднике the Bonfire Night на английском(см. Приложение 1). После своего рассказа данный учащийся задаёт вопросы группе по теме, затем, с помощью презентации, демонстрирует задания, которые остальные учащиеся должны выполнить. На данном этапе отрабатываются коммуникативные навыки и навыки аудирования, т.к. презентация содержит видео на английском языке. Здесь необходимо отметить, что доклад, презентация и задания по теме были подготовлены заранее студентом. Преподаватель на этапе подготовки материала контролирует и проверяет работу студента.

4. Следующий учащийся рассказывает на английском об обычаях празднования Рождества и Нового года в Соединённом Королевстве(см. Приложение 2). Рассказ сопровождается презентацией, выполненной студентом. На данном этапе отрабатываются навыки написания письма, т.к итогом рассказа студента является демонстрация письма на английском языке, которое требует ответа. Учащиеся группы должны написать ответное письмо, описав в нём свой любимый праздник и особенности его проведения в нашей стране. Должны отметить, что в презентации есть схема написания письма в английском языке. Преподаватель ещё раз напоминает студентам о некоторых нюансах написания письма в английском, опираясь на данную схему, затем, студенты выполняют задание. После этого некоторым студентам предлагается зачитать свои варианты ответного письма. Преподаватель после завершения чтения, говорит об ошибках, допущенных студентами. Затем, преподаватель раздаёт учащимся задания на отработку лексико-грамматических навыков по данной теме (Рождество и Новый год). (см. Приложение 3).

5. Последний учащийся рассказывает о празднике May Day . Рассказ студента сопровождается презентацией и видео об обычаях проведения этого праздника (см. Приложение 4). На данном этапе отрабатываются навыки аудирования. После завершения рассказа учащимся предлагается разгадать кроссворд по данной теме.

6. завершающий этап, подведение итогов, выставление оценок.

Приложение 1

British people celebrate Bonfire Night every year on 5 November in memory of a famous event in British history, the Gunpowder Plot. On 5 November 1605 a group of Roman Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament while King James I was inside. On the evening before, one of them, Guy Fawkes, was caught in the cellars with gunpowder (= an explosive), and the plot was discovered. He and all the other conspirators were put to death. Bonfire Night is sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night.

Originally, Bonfire Night was celebrated as a victory for Protestants over Catholics, but the festival is now enjoyed by everyone. Some children make a guy, a figure of a man made of old clothes stuffed with newspaper or straw to represent Guy Fawkes. The guy is then burned on top of a bonfire on Bonfire Night. A few days before, children take their guy into the street and ask for a ‘penny for the guy’, money for fireworks (= small packets of explosives which, when lit, make a bang or send a shower of coloured light into the air). Only adults are legally allowed to buy fireworks.

Some people hold private bonfire parties in their gardens, while others attend larger public events organized by local councils or charities. Chestnuts or potatoes are often put in the bonfire so that they will cook as it burns. Fireworks such as Roman Candles, Catherine Wheels, bangers and rockets are put in the ground and are let off one by one. Children hold lighted sparklers (= metal sticks covered in a hard chemical substance that burns brightly when lit) in their hands and wave them around to make patterns. Unfortunately, there are sometimes accidents involving fireworks and there are now restrictions on the type of fireworks that can be used by the general public.

▪ English history

(1605), the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen, and his oldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Catesby (Catesby, Robert), together with his four coconspirators-Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes (Fawkes, Guy)-were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James"s refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics. They apparently hoped that the confusion that would follow the murder of the king, his ministers, and the members of Parliament would provide an opportunity for the English Catholics to take over the country.

In the spring of 1605 the conspirators rented a cellar that extended under the palace at Westminster. There, Fawkes, who had been fighting in the Spanish Netherlands, concealed at least 20 barrels of gunpowder. The conspirators then separated until the meeting of Parliament.

In the interim the need for broader support persuaded Catesby to include more conspirators. One of these, Francis Tresham, warned his Catholic brother-in-law Lord Monteagle not to attend Parliament on November 5, and Monteagle alerted the government to the plot. Fawkes was discovered in the cellar on the night of November 4–5 and under torture revealed the names of the conspirators. Catesby, Percy, and two others were killed while resisting arrest, and the rest were tried and executed (January 31, 1606).

The plot bitterly intensified Protestant suspicions of Catholics and led to the rigorous enforcement of the recusancy law, which fined those who refused to attend Anglican services. In January 1606 Parliament established November 5 as a day of public thanksgiving. The day, known as Guy Fawkes Day, is still celebrated with bonfires, fireworks, and the carrying of “guys” through the streets.

In the UK, Bonfire Night or Guy Fawkes is celebrated on November 5th and the night skies are filled with colour. It"s a special day in honour of a historic event.

Bonfires, Guys and fireworks

On November 5th people remember the plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament by celebrating ‘Bonfire Night’. All over Britain there are firework displays and bonfires with models of Guy Fawkes, which are burned on the fire. The Guy is made of old clothes and the clothes are filled with newspaper. The Guy is a reminder of Guy Fawkes. The fireworks are a reminder of the gunpowder that Guy Fawkes hid in the cellar of Parliament. Some people have a small bonfire in their garden on November 5th. In main towns and cities there are big bonfires and firework displays. The biggest fireworks display is the Edenbridge Display in Kent. Edenbridge also has the biggest Guy. A 9-metre ‘celebrity’ model is burned there every year. Last year the celebrity Guy was Wayne Rooney wearing Shrek–style ears and a Manchester United football shirt.

It’s normally quite cold in November in Britain, so on Bonfire Night people wear hats, scarves and gloves to spend the evening outside. They need some warm food too. Traditional Bonfire Night food is hot baked potatoes. The potatoes are cooked on the bonfire and filled with butter and cheese. There are also toffee apples (apples on a stick, covered in sweet toffee) and in the north of England they eat a special type of cake called parkin. Cooking marshmallows on the bonfire is also popular. Yum!

Penny for the Guy

In Britain only adults can buy fireworks but in the past they were sold to children too. During the days before Bonfire Night, children used to take their home-made Guys onto the streets and ask for ‘a penny for the Guy’ to collect money to buy fireworks. Now you have to be over 18 to buy fireworks, and safety on Bonfire Night is an important issue.

Приложение 2

Christmas in the United Kingdom

In the UK (or Gr eat Britain), families often celebrate Christmas together, so they can watch each other open their presents! Most families have a Christmas Tree (or maybe even two!) in their house f or Christmas. The decorating of the tree is usually a family occasion, with everyone helping. Christmas Trees were 1rst popularised the UK b y Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria.

Most villages, towns and cities are decorated with Christmas lights over Christmas. Oft en a famous person switches them on. The most famous Christmas lights in the UK are in Oxford Street in London. Children believe that Father Christmas or Santa Claus leaves presents in stockings or pillow-cases. These are normally hung up by the 􀃖re or by the children"s beds on Christmas Eve. Children sometimes leave out mince pies and brandy for Father Christmas to eat and drink when he visits them. Now, some people say that a nonalcoholic drink should be left f or Santa as he has to drive! Children write letters to Father Christmas/Santa listing their requests, but sometimes instead of putting t hem in the post, the letters are tossed into the 􀃖replace. The draught carries the letters up the chimney and Father Christmas/Santa reads the smoke. There are some customs that only take place, or were started, in the UK. Wassailing is an old anglo-saxon custom that doesn"t take place much today. Boxing Day is a very old custom that started in the UK and is now taken as a holiday in many countries around the world. In the UK, the main Christmas Meal is usually eaten at lunchtime or early afternoon on Christmas Day. It"s normally roast turkey, roast vegetables and "all the trimmings" which me and vegetables like carrots & peas, stuffing and sometimes bacon and sausages. It"s oft en served with cranberry sauce and bread sauce. Traditionally, and before turkey was available, roast beef or goose was the main Christmas meal. One vegetable that is oft en at Christmas in the UK are brussel sprouts. I love them but lots of people don"t! Dessert is oft en Christmas Pudding. Mince pies and lots of chocolates are often eaten as well! Trifle is also a popular dessert at Christmas. The UK is also famous for Christmas Cake - some people love it and some people really don"t like it! It"s traditionally a rich fruit cake covered with marzipan and icing - and oft en top with Christmas themed cake decorations like a spring of holly. In the UK, it doesn"t snow very often, but people always want to know if it will be a "White Christmas". The British defnition, used b y the UK Meteorological Office (who say if it has been a Whit e Christmas in the UK or not!), is that a single snow fake has been seen falling in the 24 hours of Christmas Day! This doesn"t happen a lot in the UK!!! Statistics show that in the UK, they get an official Whit e Christmas about every 4 or 5 years and have real snow at Christmas about 1 in 10 y ears (but oft en this is only normally in Scotland!). In Scotland, some people celebrate New Year"s Eve (which is called Hogmanay) more than Christmas! The word Hogmanay comes from a kind of o at cake that was traditionally given to children on New Year"s Eve. All across the UK, in cities and towns, there are fireworks to celebrate the New Year. Two of the most famous fireworks displays are in London, along the River Thames, and in Edinburgh at the Hogmanay celebrations. Also in Scotland, the first person to set foot in a house in a New Year is thought to have a big effect on the fortunes of the people that live there! Generally strangers are thought to bring good luck. Depending on the area, it may be better to have a dark-haired or fair-haired stranger set foot in the house. This tradition is widely known as "first footing".

Приложение 3

I. Match the words with their definitions:

	1) a national holiday in England and Wales, on the first day after Christmas Day
	2) to show that an event or occasion is important by doing something special or enjoyable
	3) something you give someone on a special occasion or to thank them for something

	5) to realize or show that a fact, event, or person is related to something
	6) a drink made from fruit juice, sugar, water, and usually some alcohol
	7) a special occasion when people celebrate something
	8) a special place in the wall of a room, where you can make a fire
	9) a vertical pipe that allows smoke from a fire to pass out of a building up into the air, or the part of this pipe that is above the roof
	10) a stick of wax with a string through the middle, which you burn to give light
	11) a large deer with long wide antlers (horns) , that lives in cold northern areas
	12) a small ugly creature in children"s stories that likes to trick people
	13) something that is done by people in a particular society because it is traditional
	14) a small imaginary creature with magic powers, which looks like a very small person
	15) the main ceremony in some Christian churches
	16) a coin of a particular value
	17) a strong alcoholic drink
	18) the night or day before an important day
	19) when someone performs a play or a piece of music
	20) to make something look more attractive by putting something pretty on it

II. Insert the words in the gaps:

… is one of the main festivals in the Christian Calendar.

I was searching for a … for Mark’s birthday.

Children"s pictures … the walls of the classroom.

… contain a small …, a paper hat, and a joke, and are used at Christmas in Britain.

It is believed that some plants can attract ….

Some people ignore … completely.

Decorate, present, gift, goblins, Christmas, New Year, crackers.

III. Put in the right prepositions:

They celebrate Christmas … the 25 th of December.

There are a lot of traditions connected … Christmas.

The biggest Christmas tree … Great Britain stands … Trafalgar Square.

People decorate their houses … a Christmas tree

Children hang stockings … the end … their beds or … the fireplace.

Santa Clause arrives … his flying sleigh pulled … flying reindeer, climbs … the chimney and fills each stocking … presents.

The traditional lunch consists … roast turkey … vegetables, followed … Christmas pudding.

There was a custom to put an ivy leaf … water … New Year’s Eve and leave it there … Twelfth Night

The Twelfth night is … the eve … the 6 th of January.

Many people go … church … Christmas … a midnight mass … Christmas Eve or … the morning service … Christmas Day.

A Christmas box is wrapped … bright coloured paper … ribbons.

This the traditional time … making New Year resolutions, but they are more talked … than put … practice.

IV. Translate into English.

С празднованием Рождества связано много языческих и христианских традиций.

Одним из символов Рождества является малиновка, которую часто изображают на открытках.

Рождественский пудинг – традиционное блюдо, в приготовлении которого участвует вся семья.

Хлопушки – любимая детская забава.

Считается, что Санта Клаус живет на Северном полюсе вместе со своей женой. На Рождество он развозит подарки, попадая в дом через дымоход. В благодарность дети оставляют для него молоко и печенье.

Приложение 4

The earliest May Day celebrations appeared in pre-Christian Europe, although the pagan-oriented celebrations faded as Europe became Christianised, a more secular version of the holiday continued to be observed in the schools and churches of Europe well into the 20th century. In this form, In the UK May Day is best known for its traditions of dancing the Maypole and crowning of the Queen of the May.

MAY DAY - MAY 1ST

May Day celebrations and festivities were once the highlight of the year in every town and village through Britain. Although it is not as popular today as it once was, it seems to be enjoying something of a come back.

THE HISTORY OF MAY DAY

The old Celtic celebration of May Day was called Beltane. Other names for May Day include: Cetsamhain ("opposite Samhain") and Walpurgisnacht (in Germany). For the Celts, Beltane was a festival where fires were set to mark the beginning of summer.

Some people believe that the celebrations on May Day began with Beltane and the tree worship of the Druids. Others believe they go back to the spring festivals of ancient Egypt and India. However, May Day as it is celebrated today is more of a European import, believe it or not, from Italy. The people of ancient Rome honored Flora, the goddess of flowers and springtime, with a festival called Florialia. The goddess was represented by a small statue wreathed in garlands. A procession of singers and dancers carried the statue past a sacred blossom-decked tree. Later, festivals of this kind spread to other lands conquered by the Romans, and of course this included Britain.

As Europe became Christianized, the pagan holidays lost their religious character and either morphed into popular secular celebrations, as with May Day, or were given new Christian interpretations while retaining many traditional pagan features, as with Christmas, Easter, and All Saint"s Day. Beginning in the 20th century, many neopagans began reconstructing the old traditions and celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival once more.

These festivals reached their height in England during the Middle Ages. On the first day of May, English villagers awoke at daybreak to roam the countryside gathering blossoming flowers and branches. A towering maypole was set up on the village green. This pole, usually made of the trunk of a tall birch tree, was decorated with bright field flowers. The villagers then danced and sang around the maypole, accompanied by a piper. Usually the Morris dance was performed by dancers wearing bells on their colorful costumes. Often the fairest maiden of the village was chosen queen of the May. Sometimes a May king was also chosen. These two led the village dancers and ruled over the festivities. In Elizabethan times, the king and queen were called Robin Hood and Maid Marian.

MAY DAY CUSTOMS AND SUPERSTITIONS

One popular Mayday custom was the making of a maypole. Early in the day the villagers would go to the nearest woodland and cut down a young tree. The tree (usually a tall birch tree) would be stripped of its branches except at the top (where the leaves symbolized new life) and dragged or carried to an open space in the town square or village green. It was then decorated with garlands of flowers and ribbons. Historians believe the cutting of the maypole was the villager"s way of establishing their right to cut wood freely from the forest.

Traditionally the dancing was done by women but has now become a popular children"s activity. Each child holds one of the coloured ribbons and circles the maypole with a hopping, skipping step. Some of the children dance in one direction while others dance the opposite way around the pole, changing their direction at carefully chosen moments. As they dance, the children pass each other until the ribbons are plaited together and wrapped tightly around the Maypole. When the circle is as small as it can be, the dance is reversed and the ribbons unwind until the dancers come back to their starting places.

The most famous Maypole in England was erected on the first May Day of Charles II reign in 1661. An enormous pole, 40 metres high, was floated up the Thames and erected in the Strand where it remained for almost 50 years.

Morris dancing is a traditional English form of folk dance which is also performed in other English-speaking countries such as the USA and Australia. The roots of morris dancing seem to be very old, probably dating back to the Middle Ages. From around April and through the green summer months beribboned troupes of Morris Dancers will be seen in market towns and on village greens up and down the land. You are especially likely to see them performing their medieval dances to the click clack of their sticks and the sound of bells, pipes, and drums, around the month of May.

In the dance men dress up in costumes with hats and ribbons and bells around their ankles. They dance through the streets and one man often carries an inflated pigs bladder on the end of a stick. He will run up to young women in the street and hit them over the head with the pigs bladder, this is supposed to be lucky!

Jack in the Green (The Cylenchar - The Hidden One)

Across rural England the key symbol of May Day is fresh spring growth, and the general hope is for a fertile harvest. Traditionally villagers would disguise one of their number as Jack-in-the-Green by enshrouding him with a portable bower of fresh greenery. Jack and his followers danced around the town collecting money from passersby for later feasting. Today he can often be seen accompanying traditional morris dancing groups.

Jack in the Green is believed to be a woodland spirit who guarded the greenwoods of England. He appears in many kinds of folk art, as a multi-foliate head peering through the leaves. He can still be seen portrayed in church decoration today, usually as a roof-boss, where he is a constant reminder of earlier beliefs.

The modern May Day has been transformed into a holiday often associated with socialism and the Labour Movement. This is partly to do with a congress of world Socialist parties held in Paris 1889, who voted to support the U.S. labor movement"s demand for an 8-hour day. It chose May 1, 1890, as a day of demonstrations in favour of the 8-hour day. Afterward, May 1 became a holiday called Labour Day in many nations. The holiday is especially important in socialist and communist countries when political demonstrations are often held.

celebrated every year on 5 th November1. celebrated every year on 5 th November
on 5 th November 1605 a group of Roman Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament
Bonfire Night was celebrated as a victory for Protestants over Catholics
Robert Catesby (1573-1605) recruited Guy Fawkes to their plot.

Bonfires, Guys and fireworks

There are firework displays and bonfires with models of Guy Fawkes, which are burned on the fire. The guy is made of old clothes and the clothes are filled with newspaper.

The fireworks are a reminder of the gunpowder that Guy Fawkes hid in the cellar of Parliament

Traditional Bonfire Night food is hot baked potatoes, which are cooked on the bonfire and filled with butter and cheese. There are also toffee apples.

I. Complete the sentences with the correct number

36 b. 1605 c. 9 d. 5 th e. first f. 18

A group of people wanted to kill James the ____, the King of England.
Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament in _____.

3. Guy Fawkes and his men put ____ barrels of explosive in the Houses of Parliament.

4. People remember the plot to destroy the Houses of Parliament and kill King James, with fireworks and bonfires on November _____.

5. Edenbridge in Kent burns a ____metre Guy on bonfire every year.

6. People under ____ can’t buy fireworks in the UK.

II.Match the sentences halves to make sentences about Bonfire Night. All the sentences include passive forms.

a. Are burned on fires; b. were tortured and killed; c. are cooked on the bonfire; d. were sold to children; e. are filled with newspaper to help it burn; f. is known as the “gunpowder plot”; g. is made with old clothes; h. was planned on the November 5 th

1. An enormous explosion; 2. the plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament; 3. Guy Fawkes and his men; 4. models of Guy Fawkes; 5. the Guy; 6. the Guy’s clothes; 7. potatoes; 8. in the past fireworks.

We (planned/were planned) a big party for Bonfire Night last year.
A lot (knows/is known) about the history of Bonfire Night.
Is it true that the King (tortured/was tortured) Guy Fawkes?
British people (burn/are burned) Guys on bonfires in local parks or in private gardens.
Is the Guy (makes/is made) with old clothes?

6. You can (fill/be filled)the Guy with newspaper.

7. They (cook/are cooked) the potatoes in the oven then we put them on the bonfire.

8. Fireworks (sold/were sold) to children when my mum was little.

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British celebrations

New Year"s Day - January 1

In Scotland, the term used for the New Year"s celebration is "Hogmanay," and it can last up until January 2 (which is usually considered a bank holiday).

3. Twelfth Night and Epiphany - January 5 - 6

It is considered bad luck to have Christmas celebration up past the day of Epiphany, so many people used January 5 (Twelfth Night) to take them down.

4. Burns" Night - January 25

Burns" Night is celebrated in honor of the Scottish poet Robert Burns (1759-1796).

5. Valentine"s Day - February 14

6. St. David"s Day (Wales) - March 1

St. David"s day is to celebrate the man, Dewi Sant, who spread Christianity throughout Wales.

7. St. Patrick"s Day - March 17

While most of the UK doesn"t celebrate St. Patrick"s Day (though there is a parade and festival in London), it is a very important religious holiday in Northern Ireland

8. Shrove Tuesday (Pancake Day) - Day Before Lent - March/April

Many celebrate this day by eating pancakes

9. Lent - March/April

The first day of lent is 40 days before Easter.

10. Mothering Sunday - 4th Sunday of Lent - March/April

11. Maundy Thursday - Thursday Before Easter - March/April

Maundy Thursday is a day to celebrate Jesus"s last supper before his crucifixion

12. Easter - March/April

14. St. George"s Day (England"s National Day) - April 23

Celebrating with parades, some people celebrate St. George who is said to have defeated a dragon.

16. Notting Hill Carnival - Last Monday in August

17. Halloween - October 31

18. Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Day) - November 5

19. Remembrance Day - November 11

20. St. Andrew"s Day - November 30

This is the celebrated national day of Scotland.

21. Advent - December 1-24

On the first 24 days of December, Advent celebrates the coming of Jesus.

22. Christmas - December 25

23. Boxing Day - December 26

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«Christmas»

1.Celebrated on the 25 th of December

2.Most families have a Christmas Tree

3.Christmas Trees were first popularised by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria

4.The most famous Christmas lights in the UK are in Oxford Street in London

5.Children believe that Father Christmas leaves presents in stockings or pillow-cases.

6.Boxing Day is a very old custom that started in the UK

7.The main Christmas meal is roast turkey, vegetables and “all the trimmings”. One vegetable that is often at Christmas are brussel sprouts.

8.The dinner table is decorated with a Christmas Cracker for each person

“ White Christmas”-definition, used by the UK Meteorological Office is that a single snow flake has been falling I the 24 hours of Christmas Day.

In Scotland New Year’s Eve is called Hogmanay. All across the UK there are fireworks to celebrate the New Year

Hi Patricia,

How are you? Christmas is coming! How are you going to celebrate? I will celebrate it at home with family. We will make a lot of Christmas cakes and cookies. And have you made the menu?

Anyway, we will celebrate Christmas in school before holidays. In my class it is very difficult to organize celebrations. There is very little help from our teacher and my class is very disorganized. Also there will be a disco and a competition on Christmas in school.

Last year several girls and boys brought food and pizza! This year I think will do the same. But last year we did not have time to arrange contests. We went to the contest, and then we went to the disco.

It would be nice if you could come to us for Christmas! We will have fun with my class. This year we also participate in the competition, and we have the best idea! Be sure to come!

Well, I must finish. Waiting for an answer!

With love, Eliza

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1.The earliest May Day celebrations appeared in pre-Christian Europe

2.May Day is best known foe its traditions of dancing the Maypole and crowing of the Queen of the May

3.The month of May is named in honour of the goddess Maia. A Greek mountain nymph

5.The old Celtic celebration of May Day was called Beltane

6.It was associated with the beginning of Summer

8.In Elizabethan times, the king and the queen of May Day were called Robin Hood and Maid Marian

Jack in the Green

Villages would disguise one of their number as Jack-in-the-Green. Jack and his followers danced around the town collecting money from passersby for later feasting. He is believed to be a woodland spirit who guarded the greenwoods of England.

Объектом исследования моей работы являются обычаи и традиции англо-говорящих стран. И я хочу сказать, что жизнь этих стран полна традиций и обычаев. Некоторые из них очень красивые, красочные и живописные и, кажется, весьма разумные; другие - любопытны, иногда забавны, иногда существуют лишь для привлечения туристов. Многие традиции появились очень давно и прошли многие столетия, другие – появились сравнительно недавно. Но некоторые из них давно пережили себя и стали обременительными и остаются лишь из-за известного английского консерватизма. Есть много традиций, связанных с историческими событиями, Парламентом, судом, университетской жизнью, а также традиции и обычаи, появляющиеся в каждодневной жизни.

Цель моей работы – изучить обобщенный опыт жизни и традиций англо-говорящих стран. Для людей, которые собираются путешествовать по миру особенно важно знать язык, обычаи, традиции той страны, которую они собираются посетить. Невозможно, например, приехать в Шотландию и смеяться над их национальной одеждой - клетчатыми юбками; или, например, удивляться тому, что Королева Великобритании начинает свой день с завтрака - овсяной каши - и это уже давно сложившийся для нее обычай. Для того чтобы избежать такой ситуации, перед тем как ехать в какую-либо страну необходимо ознакомиться хотя бы с общепринятыми обычаями этой страны.

Одной из главных традиций большинства государств мира является празднование своего национального праздника. Во Франции это День взятия Бастилии, в США – День независимости, в Германии два национальных праздника – День освобождения и День республики. В нашей стране – День суверенитета.

А как обстоят дела с национальными праздниками в Великобритании? Будучи островным государством, Британия долгое время оказывала влияние на политическое и социально-экономическое развитие других государств. Проводя гибкую политику, Британия сумела принимать участие в большинстве международных военных конфликтах, не допустив военных действий на своей территории. Все это способствовало развитию высокому уровню жизни и благосостоянию английского народа. Англичане не ощущали особой потребности в национальном самоутверждении и в специальном дне для ликования по поводу того, что они – британцы. Народ Соединенного Королевства не испытывал нужды каждый год напоминать себе и другим, что, например, британский парламент, возраст которого перевалил за семь столетий, становится еще на год старше или что тред-юнионы - самые старые профсоюзы в мире. Правда, в последние годы существования Британской империи был введен День империи, но отмечался он недолго, а выходным был лишь для школьников и учителей. В 1958 году его заменил День Содружества, который с 1966 года отмечается в июне как официальный день рождения монарха. Англичане рассуждают примерно так: «Мы уже достаточно веско заявили миру о себе, чтобы не повторяться теперь ежегодно». Но национальный праздник все-таки необходим для официальных целей – так, за границей послам полагается устраивать приемы в честь дня своей страны, они выступают по телевидению той страны, где представляют свою родину и т. д.

“Do you speak English?” with this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different languages and want to find a common language.

It’s very good when you hear: “Yes I do”, and start talking. People of different countries and nations have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with each other.

So it is very useful to learn foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people.

English is very popular now. It’s the language of computers, science, business, sport and politics. It is official language of United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia. There are more than 1 billion speakers of English of the World.

USA

Independence Day

On July 4 the Americans celebrate their national holiday-independence Day. The United States gained independence as a result of gradual and painful process. By the mid 1700’s it became difficult for thirteen British colonies in the New World to be ruled by a kind 3000 miles across the ocean. The British Empire imposed high taxes upon the colonies.

Sport

Sports are associated with educational institutions in a way is unique. High schools have coaches as faculty members, and school teams compete with each other.

The sport that is most popular in most of the world-soccer-is not well known in the US. The most popular sports are football and baseball, games that are not played in large number of countries.

Spots play such an important role in American life that the sociology of sport, sport medicine, and sport psychology have become respectable specializations.

Americans are very fond of sport. The most popular sports in USA are football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey.

The NBA is a professional league which still plays.

There are more activities which Americans take part in such as golf, swimming, tennis, aerobics, wrestling, etc.

Halloween

Thanksgiving

Almost in every culture in the world there is a celebration of thanks for rich harvest. The American Thanksgiving began as a feast of thanksgiving almost four hundred years ago.

Foods, eaten at the first thanksgiving, have become traditional. The traditional thanksgiving meal consists of roast turkey stuffed with herb-flavored bread, cranberry jelly, mashed potatoes, pumpkin pie. Other dishes may vary as to region: ham, sweet potatoes, creamed corn.

Christmas

Valentine’s Day

February 14 was also a Roman holiday. On this day young men randomly chose the name of the girl to escort to the festival. The custom of choosing a sweetheart on this day became very

«Раз, два, три! Елочка, гори!», - знакомые слова, не так ли? Каждый русскоговорящий ребенок знает, при каких обстоятельствах следует кричать эти слова. Зажигание елки, подарки детям за стихи и песенки, специально заплутавший Дед Мороз (а иногда и очень даже случайно), загадывание желания после боя курантов – это все наши новогодние традиции. А есть ли какие-то особенные рождественские и новогодние традиции в англоязычных странах?

Подготовка к праздникам в англоговорящих странах начинается заранее. Как и мы, европейцы и американцы укрощают дома к празднику, закупаются подарками и планируют праздничные развлечения. Но все-таки есть парочка рождественских традиций, которые еще не так популярны в наших широтах.

Фото с Сантой

До Рождества семьи с детьми выстраиваются в очередь в торговых центрах, чтобы сфотографироваться и поговорить с главным зимним волшебником. Чаще всего на фотографии бывает только он с детьми. Но помогают ему в организации всего этого процесса его эльфы или жена, Миссис Клаус. Когда подходит их очередь, дети садятся на коленки к Санте, говорят ему, что хотят в подарок и фотографируются. Фотографии можно записать на флешку или распечатать прямо на месте. К сожалению, за такое общение с волшебством придется заплатить.

Вам, наверное, эта новогодняя традиция знакома. Она довольно часто обыгрывается в новогодних фильмах. Вот, к примеру, отрывок из фильма Bad Santa (Плохой Санта).

Внимание, не стоит смотреть этот кусочек, если рядом есть дети, которые уже неплохо понимают английский язык.

Английская лексика и фото с Сантой

Photo with Santa – фотография с Сантой
Mall/ shopping mall – торговый центр
Elf - эльф
Picture/photo - фотография
Christmas decorations – рождественские украшения
Misses Claus – Миссис Клаус (жена Санта Клауса)
Line/queue – очередь
To form a queue/line – образовать очередь
To jump the queue – влезть без очереди
To stand in a queue – стоять в очереди

Английский и новогодние открытки

«Что тут удивительного?» - скажите вы. Мы тоже подписываем открытки на Новый год. Так-то оно так. Но в Европе принято еще и отправлять такие открытки заранее по обыкновенной почте. Вы, может, помните, что и у нас когда-то была такая рождественская традиция. Но теперь мы окончательно перешли на электронные открытки и рождественские картинки в социальных сетях.

Начиная с декабря люди отправляют новогодние открытки. В них они поздравляют друг друга с праздниками, иногда коротко рассказывают, как у них дела. Некоторые даже отправляют близким друзьям фотографии своих детей, сделанные с Санта Клаусом. Если же в семье произошло большое событие (к примеру долгожданная беременность или свадьба), то новогодние открытки на английском языке могут быть посвящены именно этому. Чаще всего открытки шлют в веселых рождественских конвертах и даже подбирают марки «в тему».

У нас, кстати, есть отдельная статья о том, что и как нужно писать в новогодних открытках на английском языке.

Лексика «Новогодние открытки»

Christmas card – рождественская открытка
Announcement – объявление, сообщение
Pregnancy announcement – объявление о беременности
To send a card – отправить открытку
Stamp – марка
Envelope - конверт
Handmade card – открытка, сделанная своими руками
Personalized Christmas card – открытка на Рождество, сделанная под конкретного человека

Secret Santa

На Новый год и Рождество принято дарить подарки не только своим родным, но и коллегам по работе. Многим знакомо ощущение, когда вы получаете от всех перед праздниками по какой-то маленькой милой ерунде. Возникает логичный вопрос, а что делать в десятью символами наступающего года? Можно, конечно, начать их продавать около метро. Но ведь намного лучше вообще не попадать в такую ситуацию, не правда ли?

В англоговорящих странах не мучаются такой проблемой. Перед праздниками среди тех, кто надумал обмениваться подарками, тянется тайный жребий. Кого вы вытянули, тому и дарите подарок как бы от всех. Обычно решается лимит, сколько можно и нужно потратить на человека (к примеру, около 20 долларов). Одариваемый не знает, кто действительно купил ему сувенир. Вот эта рождественская традиция и называется Secret Santa (Тайный Санта).

Лексика “Secret Santa”

Gift - подарок
Gift exchange – обмен подарками
To give a gift – дарить подарки
Gift ideas – идеи подарков
Forbidden gifts – запрещённые подарки
Wish list – лист желаний; виш лист; список, где можно записать то, что хочешь получить в подарок

Английский и печенье для Санты

Часто хочется подкрепиться, когда вы в пути, не так ли? Понятное дело, что Санте в Рождественскую ночь приходится еще хуже. Ему приходится облетать всю планету. Не удивительно, что он немного голоден, когда доберется до вашего дома. Так что в англоязычных странах принято оставлять Санта Клаусу угощение: печенье и стакан молока. Обычно такой перекус ставят недалеко от камина, ну или того места, где он должен будет оставить подарки.

Печенье для Санты печется всей семьей за пару дней до праздника. Часто бывает так, что рецепт идеального печенья передается из поколения в поколение.

Некоторые особо заботливые семьи оставляют и морковку для оленей. Ведь у них тоже впереди длинная ночь.

Лексика «Печенье для Санты»

Christmas cookies – рождественские печенья
Cookies for Santa - печенья для Санты
Chimney – дымоход (именно по нему спускается Санта Клаус)
Fireplace - камин
Deer - олень
Milk - молок
Christmas Eve – канун Рождества
To bake cookies – печь печенья
To bake cookies from scratch – печь печенья не из готового теста (то есть сделать тесто самому с нуля и потом уже печь печеньки)
Recipe – рецепт

Английский и поцелуй «на удачу»

Как мы часто видели в англоязычных фильмах, в Новый год, после боя курантов, принято целоваться. Это называется New Year’s eve kiss. Ну или просто New Years’ kiss. Считается, что наступающий год будет удачным, если поцеловать кого-то в этот момент. Наверное, по этому данной новогодней традиции придается такое большое значение в американских сериалах.

Лексика “New Year’s kiss”

Tradition - традиция
Midnight – полночь
Relationship - отношение
Couple - пара
Kiss - поцелуй

Мы надеемся, что эта небольшая подборка некоторых иностранный традиций порадовала вас и навеяла новогоднее настроение. С наступающим Новым годом и Рождеством!

Шутикова Анна

Применение проектной технологии помогает интегрировать все аспекты изучения английского языка и обеспечивает развитие коммуникативных умений учащихся. Это также и деятельностная технология, так как ориентирована на конечный продукт, а успешное выполнение проекта возможно только в условиях сотрудничества всех участников проекта. В статье дано описание проекта социокультурной направленности.. Надеюсь она будет полезной.

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Проектная работа:

«Культура, традиции и обычаи

Англоговорящих стран и

России.»

Тип проекта: творческо-информационный.

Предметно-содержательный признак: межпредметный проект.

Цель: Исследования истории возникновения праздников, традиций, обычаев в англоговорящих странах и России, выяснение взаимосвязи традиций, обычаев и черт национального характера.

этап. Задачи: представление ситуации, позволяющей выявить проблемы по обсуждаемой тематике.

Ситуация: группа «американских» и «британских» школьников, увлекающихся этнографией приезжает в Россию с целью изучить ее культуру, традиции, обычаи и национальные черты русского народа. В ходе беседы российские школьники также проявляют интерес к культуре, традициям, национальным чертам «американского» и «британского» народов. Определяется тема будущего проекта.

этап, задача: выдвижение гепотез решения поставленной проблемы.

Учащиеся знакомятся с лексикой по теме «Культура, традиции англоговорящих стран и России». Используется контекст, наглядность, языковая догадка, сходство со словами родного языка. Для закрепления лексики используются:

1 .Фотографии, символы, открытки. Учитель просит разобраться в календаре праздников Англии, США и России.

Предлагаю прослушать песню «Hot cross buns» , «Jingle Bells», May carol, «День победы», «С новым годом». Ребята определяют во время каких праздников исполняются эти песни и в каких странах.
Предлагаю рассмотреть название отдельных традиций и попытаться объяснить их значение.

Помимо этих заданий предлагаю учащимся упражнения на подстановку, трансформацию, восстановление фраз и текстов, выполнение данных упражнений подводит учащихся к выдвижению гипотез. На этом этапе происходит и отработка грамматического материала.

Создаются творческие микрогруппы, начинается распределение ролей внутри групп.

этап. Задачи: обсуждение способов поиска необходимой информации и уточнение формы представления результатов проектирования.

Учащиеся проводят исследования истории возникновения праздников англоговорящих стран и России. Пытаются выяснить, какое влияние оказывают традиции и обычаи на национальный характер

Другая группа составляет программу фестиваля, на котором будут представлены праздники Англии, Америки и России. Часть ребят занимается поиском рецептов традиционных праздничных блюд этих стран. Обсуждаются источники, откуда может быть взята данная информация.

этап. Задача: поиск необходимой информации, выполнение проекта.

Исследуя источники информации учащиеся находят «корни» традиций, обычаев, праздников Англии, Америки, России. Эти факты помогают понять определенные национальные черты разных народов. Ребята пытаются сопоставлять и анализировать национальные характеры и их взаимосвязь с культурой этих стран.

В ходе исследования проблемы между участниками группы постоянно осуществляется речевое взаимодействие в форме диалогов, дискуссий. Другая группа готовится к представлению. Ребята разучивают роли, придумывают костюмы, декорации, музыкальное сопровождение.

В процессе проектирования постоянно осуществляется отслеживание деятельности каждого ученика на всех этапах работы. Для этого используется само- и взаимоконтроль, различные формы поощрения, выставление отметок.

этап. Задача: оформление собранного материала.

Исследования оформляются в виде докладов для представления в

этнологические общества своих стран, стенгазет, коллажа поздравительных открыток, программы фестиваля, книги рецептов традиционных праздничных блюд.

этап. Защита проекта.

1 группа. Беседа «этнографов» за круглым столом «Какое влияние оказывает традиции и обычаи на национальный характер народа». Учащиеся провели большую исследовательскую работу по данной проблеме, изучили справочный материал, оформили доклады, стенгазету и провели семинар в форме «круглого стола».

2 группа. Праздник «Multicultural Festivals»

Учащиеся данной группы изучили материалы о праздниках в англоговорящих странах и России. Своими силами красочно оформили зал и показали костюмированное представление.,

3 группа. Презентация книги «Holidays Cook Book» о традиционных праздничных блюдах. Школьники нашли рецепты национальных праздничных блюд, отобрали наиболее интересные с их точки зрения, оформили книгу. Затем,представили ее. и блюда, приготовленные по рецептам из книги..

При защите проектов учитывалось: качество представленного материала, обьем и глубина знаний по теме, эрудиция., кульрура речи, аргументированность, ответы на вопросы, умение работать в группе.

Проектирование темы «Культура, традиции и обычаи англоговорящих стран и России» способствовало созданию прочной языковой базы, обогащению словарного запаса, расширению лингвострановедческих знаний,

развитию коммуникативных навыков и самостоятельности обучающихся.

При защите проекта учитывалось:

Качество представленного материала,

Объем и глубина знаний по теме, эрудиция, межпредметные связи,

Культура речи, артистичность,

Ответы на вопросы, аргументированность.

Проектирование темы «Культура, традиции и обычаи англоговоряших стран и России» способствовало созданию прочной языковой базы, обогащению словарного запаса, расширению лингвострановедческих знаний, развитию коммуникативных умений и самостоятельности учащихся.

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Рогозин Дмитрий Олегович

БиографияДмитрий Олегович Рогозин - российский государственный деятель, дипломат, доктор философских наук, доктор технических наук. С декабря 2011 года - заместитель...